南极菲尔德斯半岛环境保护与人类活动管理对策研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2024.03.20220466

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着全球气候变化的加剧和极地人类活动的增多，南极及其生态系统正面临前所未有的变化。国际社会对减轻和适应这些变化的持续关注，促使人们不断呼吁采用基于生态系统的方法来管理南极地区的人类活动。在世界诸多区域，海洋空间规划已成为将这一概念转化为管理实践的重要途径，并被认为是实现极地空间综合管理的新工具。南极菲尔德斯半岛是南极海域最大的无冰区，该地区具有科考站密度高、人类活动多、生物多样性丰富等特点，是研究南极生态环境保护、人类活动与空间管理的理想区域。结合中国第36次南极科学考察，系统梳理了菲尔德斯半岛自然环境、生物分布与区域保护等环境特征，简要分析了科学考察站基活动、南极旅游、海上与空中交通、商业捕捞等主要人类活动及其环境影响，在此基础上，开展了海洋空间规划在菲尔德斯半岛的实践研究，初步建议提出了由3个“一级功能区”与10个“二级功能区”构成的分区体系，以实现对南极脆弱生态环境的有效保护与人类活动的科学管理，为海洋空间规划在南极地区更大尺度、更广范围的应用提供借鉴参考。

关键词: 南极, 菲尔德斯半岛, 环境保护, 人类活动, 海洋空间规划

Abstract:

In view of the intensification of global climate change and the increase of polar human activities, the Antarctic and its ecosystem are facing unprecedented changes. The continuing concern of the international community to mitigate and adapt to these changes has prompted an ongoing call for an ecosystem-based approach to manage human activities in the Antarctic. In many sea areas around the world, Marine Spatial Planning has become an effective way to transform this concept into management practice, which could be a new tool for the comprehensive management of polar oceans. The Fildes Peninsula is the largest ice-free area in the Antarctic, which is characterised by high density of scientific research stations, abundant human activities and rich biodiversity. It is an ideal research area for the study of Antarctic ecological conservation, human activities and spatial management. Combining with the 36^th Chinese Antarctic scientific expedition, the environmental characteristics of Fildes Peninsula, such as natural environment, biological distribution and regional protection, were systematically summarised; the main human activities and their environmental impacts, such as Antarctic station-based activities, Antarctic tourism, sea and air traffic, and commercial fishing were briefly analysed. On this basis, a practical study of Marine Spatial Planning on the Fildes Peninsula was carried out, and a zoning system consisting of 3 "first-level functional zones" and 10 "second-level functional zones" was proposed to realize effective protection of fragile ecological environment and scientific management of human activities in the Antarctic. It provides reference for the application of marine spatial planning in larger scale and wider scope in the Antarctic region.

Key words: the Antarctic, Fildes Peninsula, environment protection, human activity, marine spatial planning

李学峰, 马琛, 岳奇, 余静, 张祥国, 滕欣. 南极菲尔德斯半岛环境保护与人类活动管理对策研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(3): 15-28.

Xuefeng LI, Chen MA, Qi YUE, Jing YU, Xiangguo ZHANG, Xin TENG. The research on the management strategies of environmental protection and human activities for the Fildes Peninsula in Antarctica[J]. World Regional Studies, 2024, 33(3): 15-28.

图/表 5

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动物	种类	繁殖对（对）/个体数（个）
海鸟	阿德利企鹅（Adelie Penguin）	307~545
	帽带企鹅（Chinstrap Penguin）	8~11
	白眉企鹅（Gentoo Penguin）	5 083~5 665
	乌信天翁（Light-mantled Sooty Albatross）	0~5
	花斑鹱（Cape Petrel）	>300
	巨鹱（Southern Giant Petrel）	297~350
	黄蹼洋海燕（Wilson’s Storm Petrel）	3 500~5 000
	黑腹舰海燕（Black-bellied Storm Petrel）	500~1 000
	棕贼鸥（Brown Skua）	27~59
	南极贼鸥（South Polar Skua）	146~178
	黑背鸥（Kelp Gull)	50~109
	南极燕鸥（Antarctic Tern）	<100~700
	白鞘嘴鸥（Snowy Sheathbill）	1~2
	兰眼鸬鹚（Blue-eyed Shag）	0~9
海豹	象海豹（Elephant Seal）	550~1 383
	威德尔海豹（Weddell Seal）	20~123
	毛皮海豹（Fur Seal）	8~1 061
	豹斑海豹（Leopard Seal）	0~2
	食蟹海豹（Crabeater seal）	0~5

动物	种类	繁殖对（对）/个体数（个）
海鸟	阿德利企鹅（Adelie Penguin）	307~545
	帽带企鹅（Chinstrap Penguin）	8~11
	白眉企鹅（Gentoo Penguin）	5 083~5 665
	乌信天翁（Light-mantled Sooty Albatross）	0~5
	花斑鹱（Cape Petrel）	>300
	巨鹱（Southern Giant Petrel）	297~350
	黄蹼洋海燕（Wilson’s Storm Petrel）	3 500~5 000
	黑腹舰海燕（Black-bellied Storm Petrel）	500~1 000
	棕贼鸥（Brown Skua）	27~59
	南极贼鸥（South Polar Skua）	146~178
	黑背鸥（Kelp Gull)	50~109
	南极燕鸥（Antarctic Tern）	<100~700
	白鞘嘴鸥（Snowy Sheathbill）	1~2
	兰眼鸬鹚（Blue-eyed Shag）	0~9
海豹	象海豹（Elephant Seal）	550~1 383
	威德尔海豹（Weddell Seal）	20~123
	毛皮海豹（Fur Seal）	8~1 061
	豹斑海豹（Leopard Seal）	0~2
	食蟹海豹（Crabeater seal）	0~5

编号	保护区域	保护面积/km²	保护目的
ASPA 125a	化石山（Fossil Hill）	0.568	古植物与鸟类化石
ASPA 125b	霍兹河（Holz Stream）	0.074	古植物化石
ASPA 125c	别林斯高晋冰穹（Bellingshausen Glacier Dome）	1.412
ASPA 125d	半三点（Halfthree Point）	0.019
ASPA 125e	萨菲尔德点（Suffield Point）	0.024
ASPA 125f	化石点（Fossil Point）	0.013
ASPA 125g	格鲁津斯基湾（Gradzinski Cove）	0.021
ASPA 125h	贼鸥湾（Skua Cove）	0.117
ASPA 150	阿德雷岛（Ardley Island）	1.500	繁殖鸟类生物多样性与陆生植物生态系统
HSM 50	波兰南极考察队登陆纪念碑		历史遗迹与纪念物
HSM 52	中国长城站落成纪念碑
HSM 82	《南极条约》签署纪念碑
HSM 86	中国长城站1号栋

编号	保护区域	保护面积/km²	保护目的
ASPA 125a	化石山（Fossil Hill）	0.568	古植物与鸟类化石
ASPA 125b	霍兹河（Holz Stream）	0.074	古植物化石
ASPA 125c	别林斯高晋冰穹（Bellingshausen Glacier Dome）	1.412
ASPA 125d	半三点（Halfthree Point）	0.019
ASPA 125e	萨菲尔德点（Suffield Point）	0.024
ASPA 125f	化石点（Fossil Point）	0.013
ASPA 125g	格鲁津斯基湾（Gradzinski Cove）	0.021
ASPA 125h	贼鸥湾（Skua Cove）	0.117
ASPA 150	阿德雷岛（Ardley Island）	1.500	繁殖鸟类生物多样性与陆生植物生态系统
HSM 50	波兰南极考察队登陆纪念碑		历史遗迹与纪念物
HSM 52	中国长城站落成纪念碑
HSM 82	《南极条约》签署纪念碑
HSM 86	中国长城站1号栋

国家	考察站	建站时间	类型
俄罗斯	别林斯高晋站（Bellingshausen Station）	1968	永久站
智利	弗雷站（Frei Station）	1969	永久站
乌拉圭	阿蒂加斯站（Artigas Station）	1984	永久站
中国	长城站（Great Wall Station）	1985	永久站
智利	南极海洋站（Estación Marítima Antártica Station）	1987	永久站
智利	胡里奥·埃斯库德罗教授站（Professor Julio Escudero Station）	1994	永久站