Excessive greenhouse gas emissions and climate change induced by it pose serious challenges to human society and ecosystems. Studying climate governance is of great significance in mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts, protecting the earth's environment, and achieving sustainable development. Based on the literature analysis tool CiteSpace, this study reviewed the evolution process, research hotspots, and typical cases of global climate governance, and put forward a universal adaptive framework of climate governance. The results show that: (1) From the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to the signing of the Paris Agreement, climate governance has experienced a change in the development process: decentralized governance-top-down governance - dual-track governance-bottom-up governance; (2) The world continually explores ways of climate governance, from horizontal to vertical. Research hotspots include energy governance, climate policy, multi-level governance, nature-based solutions, adaptive governance, governance innovation, and social network analysis; (3) To realize climate governance, we need to take action at the three levels of values, thinking and practice, and give full play to the role of government, market, and civil society. What's important is to coordinate the relationship between energy revolution, economic development, political orientation, environmental quality, and climate change, as well as deepening cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary cooperation; (4) Future climate governance can focus on climate change risk management and adaptive strategies, greenhouse gas emission reduction technologies, social change and behavioral change, public research hotspots participation and social innovation, interdisciplinary comprehensive research, international climate policy and cooperation, and other aspects. This study combines climate governance, national strategy, and scientific research, which has important guiding significance for China to participate in climate governance and achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization, and provides a reference for carbon emission reduction and restraining global warming.