Foreign aid is an important tool for the US to implement strategic games, and in-depth analysis of the evolution characteristics of US foreign aid is helpful to comprehensively grasping its geostrategic development. Based on USAID's foreign aid database, the spatiotemporal pattern of U.S. aid to South Asian countries in the fiscal year 2001-2022 was studied using methods such as classification statistics and natural breakpoint method as well as its geostrategic connotation. The results indicate that: ①The overall scale of U.S. aid to South Asia shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and reached its peak in Obama's first term, which is consistent with the positioning of South Asia in the U.S. geopolitical strategy design. ②U.S. aid projects to South Asian countries have a clear structural and phased nature which mainly focuses on economic and technological fields, with a focus on social stability and military security, and supplemented by political and diplomatic fields and other fields; The main aid targets for the first three types of aid projects have expanded from U.S. counter-terrorism allies to important partners or neutral countries during the transition period of the Trump administration, while the main aid targets for the latter two types of aid projects are relatively stable. ③U.S. aid to South Asian countries shows significant spatial heterogeneity, with its counter-terrorism allies as the first tier, its important partners and some strategic pivot countries as the second tier, and individual strategic pivot countries and peripheral countries as the third tier. However, as the war on terrorism ends and Indo-Pacific Strategy advances, the focus of U.S. aid has expanded from counter-terrorism allies to important partners and neutral countries. ④U.S. main strategic intention in implementing differentiated assistance to South Asian countries is to establish and maintain the US-Pakistan alliance against terrorism and ensure victory in the war on terrorism, to promote the US-India strategic partnership and contain the rise of China, to bridge in and infiltrate neutral countries friendly to China and squeeze China's strategic space.

Russia plays an important role in the reshaping of the global energy landscape. Clarifying the spatial and temporal pattern evolution of Russia's foreign energy trade is of practical significance for China's energy policy making. Based on the global energy trade data from 2003 to 2021, the spatial distribution, interdependence pattern and competition situation of Russia's foreign energy trade are examined using the trade advantage model and the trade competition model. It is found that Russia's energy trade is highly sensitive to the international environment, with its main imports shifting from crude oil to natural gas, while its exports have always been dominated by crude oil. The sources of energy imports are highly concentrated in the countries around the Caspian Sea, and the concentration of imports fluctuates widely; the concentration of Russia's energy export market and the number of export destinations have increased steadily, with energy exports to China growing rapidly. In general, Russia's advantage in energy trade is declining, with its highly advantageous area moving from Central and Eastern Europe to North Africa, West Asia and other regions. Russia faces increasing competition for international energy exports, particularly in European and Asian markets. Its competitive relationship with Norway and Saudi Arabia is tending to ease, while competition with the United States and Australia has increased sharply.

"Resources" and "nationalism" are core analytical categories in geography, but the concept of "resource nationalism" has received little attention in the discipline. Mexico's resource nationalism has deep historical roots, and its energy sector plays an important role in its economy and cultural heritage. In this paper, we systematically analyzed the formation and development of Mexican resource nationalism and its impact on the Mexican energy and mineral resources industry and understood its relationship with history and social politics. The analysis finds that the current investment prospects in Mexico's energy and mining industry are uncertain. The green economy has promoted the resurgence of resource nationalism. The policy orientation of resource nationalism has made government intervention more covert. Environmental and human rights issues constitute important challenges for foreign investment. These factors will increase foreign investment risks in the energy and mining resources industry. Investment can be protected by strengthening risk management, identifying and measuring risk exposures; using legal tools, seeking domestic remedies in the host country or international arbitration; using political tools, seeking the involvement of the government of the home country of the investing enterprise, international organizations, or the media in resolving the investment risks; and constructing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strengths to manage and avoid risks.Key words: Mexico; resource nationalism; energy and mineral resources; Chinese enterprises; investment risk

Promoting regional trade cooperation in digital products is an important way to build the Digital Silk Road and achieve high-quality development under the Belt and Road Initiative. From the perspective of social networks, this paper investigates the evolution and influencing factors of the digital product trade preference network among the "Belt and Road" countries. The results show that the digital product trade preference network presents a "core-periphery" structure. The East Asian communities, the West Asian and the Eastern European communities play two-way spillover roles in the network, while the African South Asian communities and the Latin American communities play net beneficiary roles in the network. The status of China in the network is constantly improving, the ranking of each centrality index has been greatly improved, and the network position has moved from the edge to the core. TERGM model regression results show that the trade preference network has a reciprocity effect, rank effect and time dependence effect, and the network is affected by both endogenous structure and exogenous factors. Using SAOM to analyze the relative importance of influencing factors, we find that endogenous mechanisms are very important to the evolution of trade preference networks.

Trade intermediaries are a typical type of intermediary, mainly responsible for providing distribution services such as logistics, warehousing, customs clearance, and other services for buyers and sellers. Existing research focuses on three issues, including the functions, types, and effects of trade intermediaries. However, due to the narrow research perspective, existing studies lack a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of economic globalization, making it difficult to conduct a systematic analysis of the above three issues. In this regard, it is better to focus on the "global-local" interactive perspective of economic geography.It analyzes the functions, types, and effects of trade intermediaries from three dimensions: factors, industrial organization, and spatial scale. Specifically, starting from the factor dimension, it explores how trade intermediaries play a mediating role in the circulation of goods and information factors between regions; then, from the perspective of industrial organization, it analyzes the differences in form and function of trade intermediaries in different industrial organization models; finally, from the spatial scale dimension, it discusses the socio-economic effects of trade intermediaries at the enterprise scale, regional scale, and global/national scale. Compared with previous research, starting from the "global-local" interactive perspective can comprehensively sort out the functions, types, and effects of trade intermediaries, not only filling the blind spots in current research on trade intermediaries, but also enriching the understanding of intermediary institutions in economic geography.

In recent years, with the acceleration of the reconfiguration of the world's political and economic landscape due to economic globalization, world multi-polarization and regional bloc formation, new challenges and opportunities have emerged for China's world geography research. The proposal of the "Belt and Road Initiative" and the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind has pushed world geography research to a new high. Based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database and using CiteSpace software, this paper constructs a knowledge map of domestic world geography research from 1992 to 2021, systematically analyzing the development process, research forces, research hotspots and development trends of domestic world geography research. The study concludes that: ① Over the past 30 years, China's world geography research has gone through four stages: exploration and initiation, fluctuating growth, rapid development and steady growth. The research regions, objects and hot topics have been constantly evolving in each period. ② Research forces are concentrated in a few scholars and research institutions, forming leading figures and teams in world geography research. Academic cooperation is only established within the same institution or team, and cross-institutional and cross-disciplinary academic exchanges need to be strengthened. ③ The current main topics of world geography include world geopolitics geography, the Belt and Road initiative, multinational companies and international investment, world cities and urban-rural development, regional development and territorial space planning, and sustainable development of resources and environment. Future world geography research will focus on the geopolitical theory, the Belt and Road Initiative, strategic resources, and national geography.

Collaborative innovation among cities within urban agglomeration is conducive to improving the overall innovation efficiency of urban agglomeration, but the specific impact of urban agglomeration innovation network on innovation efficiency is still unclear. Taking the 19 urban agglomerations proposed to be constructed in the 14th Five Year Plan as the research region. The social network analysis, stochastic frontier analysis, ordinary least squares, and panel regression are utilized to analyze the impact of urban agglomeration innovation network on innovation efficiency by using the data of urban patent applications and intercity patent cooperation of all urban agglomerations from 2000 to 2019. The results show that: ①The technological innovation efficiency of 19 urban agglomerations in China has obvious heterogeneity. Compared with the central and western regions, the urban technological innovation efficiency of the eastern coastal regions is higher; ②Technological innovation cooperation network has a significant impact on innovation efficiency. The impact of different network indicators on innovation efficiency is different. Node indicators do not show a significant positive correlation with technological production efficiency, while the overall network indicators have a more significant impact on innovation efficiency; ③The effect of the polycentricity of different attributes on innovation efficiency is significantly different. The significance of functional polycentricity of urban agglomeration is more stable than that of morphological polycentricity, and the coefficient value is also higher. This paper reveals the impact of the technological innovation network of urban agglomeration on innovation performance, which can provide scientific reference for the optimal allocation of urban innovation resources.

Pilot free trade zone is an important initiative for comprehensively deepening reform and expanding opening up in the new era, and under the constraint of the "double carbon" target, the ecological environment becomes the competitiveness and development foundation of the pilot free trade zone. Based on the panel data of 282 cities in China from 2007 to 2021, the impacts, mechanisms and spatial spillover effects of the establishment of the Pilot Free Trade Zone on air pollution and carbon emissions are systematically investigated by constructing multi-period DID and spatial DID models. The study finds that: ① The establishment of FTZs promotes the reduction of pollution and carbon emissions in cities, and this conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests; ② The results of the mechanism analysis show that FTZs can reduce the levels of air pollution and carbon emissions through technological innovations and foreign direct investment, but only reduce carbon emissions through "de-industrialization"; ③ Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the pollution and carbon reduction effect of FTZs will be more obvious in the eastern region and environmentally friendly FTZs; ④ The establishment of FTZs has a significant effect on improving the air pollution situation of neighboring non-pilot cities, and the optimal policy spillover effect scope is 50-150km. Therefore, the top-level design of FTZs should be improved in the future, and the ecological requirements should be incorporated into them, in order to give full play to the role of driving green and sustainable development of the cities. and sustainable development of the city.

Promoting the coordinated development of population urbanization and land urbanization is an important measure to realize the new urbanization with people as the core. Based on the panel data of urban agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta from 2006 to 2020, this paper constructed a coupling and coordination degree model of population urbanization and land urbanization as well as using ArcGIS to measure their coordinated development relationship and spatial-temporal characteristics; By constructing a fixed effect model, this paper found out the influencing factors of the coupling and coordination of population urbanization and land urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta. The results show that: (1) The integration strategy of the Yangtze River Delta has a significant impact on the human-land coupling characteristics of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration; (2) The degree of coupling and coordination of population urbanization and land urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta region is on the rise as a whole, and the gap between different cities is becoming smaller and smaller, and the regional balance is rising; (3) Spatially, the high value is distributed in Shanghai and Nanjing, while the low value is distributed in the regional edge. It is "low in the West and high in the East" in the east-west direction, and "inverted U" in the north-south direction with the main channel of the Yangtze River as the axis; (4) The influence of industrial structure, population carrying pressure, economic development level, fixed asset investment, transfer of state-owned land use right and the degree of opening to the outside world on the coupled coordinated dispatching decreases in turn. Except for the negative impact of the degree of opening to the outside world, other factors have a positive impact. In addition, there are significant differences in influencing factors among regions.

This article analyzes the driving forces of regional integration with existing literature elaborating the causation of it, and argues that state-led and market-led approaches are two diversified approaches of regional integration. Through context analysis of China's regional integration denoted by rapid urbanization, this article proposed that the spatial outcome of regional integration results from the interweaving relations of administrative forces and the market ones. Based on this argument, this paper contextualizes the driving forces of regional integration through jurisdictional power, property rights and spatial ownership to give clarity for the variegated integrated approaches, and conducted empirical research on two industrial parks on the Shanghai-Zhejiang border, the Pinghu Park and the Jiashan Park. Main findings are as follows: (1) the top-down policy formulation is essential to both state-led and market-led approaches; (2) state-led approaches gain access to external resources from intergovernmental collaboration; and (3) market-led approaches aid in improvement upon developmental efficiency. Finally, this article concludes the approach that the locales choose lies in the socioeconomic backdrop and development visions for the city. Combining equality that state-led approaches secure and efficiency that market-led approach facilitate is key to elevate Yangtze River Delta regional integration agenda as a national strategy.

With the penetration of digital technology in daily life, residents' ability of digital representation of the city is gradually enhanced. At the same time, the concept of community has been reshaped by the Internet. As a kind of digital city platform, the online community's characterization and reshaping of city space has attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad. Based on the data from the Post Bar of Chinese City, this study adopted ethnography, content analysis, and spatial analysis to deeply analyze the characteristics of the user-generated content of the online community and its characterization and reshaping of the city hierarchy. The following conclusions are drawn. ①Community users' attention to the city is affected by the reality of urban social and economic development. There is a significant difference between the southeast and the northwest separated by the Hu Huanyong line. Chengdu is the core city of the Post Bar of Chinese City. This reflects that although the attention of cities in cyberspace is highly influenced by users' subjectivity, it is also based on the projection and reflection of the physical space mapped to the virtual world; ②The image of the Post Bar of Chinese City is mainly blue, orange and green in color distribution, corresponding to the visual images of the city in science and technology and economy, cultural tourism and civic life, as well as artificial and natural, showing the visual interpretation of the city image by the community users; ③Community users are mainly based on the four evaluation dimensions of urban economy, population, urban construction level and built-up area. The user-generated content of the Post Bar of Chinese City has built a city hierarchy with Shanghai, Chengdu and Beijing as first-tier cities. The research results enrich the existing research results of the online community, and provide reference for the Internet application and public opinion guidance in the process of local image building and local marketing of Chinese cities.

A precise scientific assessment whether the targeted poverty alleviation policy narrowing the urban-rural income gap and its effect are urgently needed. In view of the existing research lack of regional differences of policy implementation and impact mechanism analysis, the panel data of 37 counties (districts) of Chongqing from 2011 to 2020 were selected for empirical test, and they were divided into non-poverty counties of grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅱ and poverty counties of grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ, and the DID model was used to accurately evaluate the effect of targeted poverty alleviation policy and its regional differences on narrowing urban-rural income gap. The research results indicate that: ①The urban-rural income gap in Chongqing shows significant spatial differentiation characteristics; ②The targeted poverty alleviation policy has significantly narrowed the urban-rural income ratio in poverty-stricken counties by 0.041 3 compared to non-poverty counties; ③There is a significant difference in the effectiveness of the targeted poverty alleviation policy between non-poverty counties of grade Ⅱ and poverty-stricken counties of grade Ⅰ, with a general feature of "non-poverty counties of grade Ⅰ ≤ non-poverty counties of grade Ⅱ < poverty counties of grade Ⅰ ≤ poverty counties of grade Ⅱ ≤ poverty counties of grade Ⅲ"; ④The targeted poverty alleviation policy has effectively promoted the increase of rural residents' income in poverty areas, thereby further narrowing the urban-rural income gap.

Clarifying the coordination relationship between water resources utilization efficiency and ecological resilience in China is a positive response to the construction of ecological civilization in the new era and the Chinese modernization featuring harmonious coexistence between man and nature. This paper took 30 provinces (municipalities and districts) in mainland China as the research object, used the coordination degree model, kernel density estimation, GIS spatial analysis,and spatial Markov chain to comprehensively analyze the temporal evolution, spatial distribution,and state transition trends of coordination degree between water resources utilization efficiency and ecological resilience in China from 2008 to 2020, as well as introduced the spatial lag Tobit model to explore the driving factors. The results show that: (1) From the perspective of temporal evolution, the coordination degree presents continuous growth trend, but the absolute difference between regions expands. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the coordination degree presents a gradient descending pattern of "east-central-west", and the high-value area is mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal area. (2) The state transfer of coordination degree has club convergence characteristics, and the convergence effect is more obvious in the middle-level and high-level areas. When the coordination degree of neighbors is higher than that of the local area, the positive spatial spillover effect can play a role, and the spillover effect becomes more prominent with improving coordination degree of neighbors. (3) Endogenous power is the main driving force for the improvement of coordination degree in our country, while government power and exogenous power have the problem of insufficient development. There is heterogeneity in the driving factors across regions, with endogenous power dominating in the east and west, while government power and exogenous power significantly contribute to the improvement of coordination in the central region.

As the global aging trend intensifies, the potential association between blue space exposure and the physical and mental health of older adults is gradually attracting the attention of urban planners. However, its specific health effects need to be systematically measured. This article screened 201 relevant research articles through keywords and landmark literature, and based on this, conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of the results of 29 articles that reported complete effect sizes. The main findings are as follows: 1) Blue space exposure demonstrates a remarkable potential for improving the physical and mental health of older adults. Notably, a stronger association exists between blue space and mental health compared to physical health. However, no significant correlation was found between blue space exposure and mortality, and the results varied significantly across different study designs, blue space types, geographical scales, genders, and age groups. 2) Increasing the frequency and duration of visits to blue spaces can significantly reduce psychological stress and enhance the overall well-being of the elderly. 3) Direct contact with blue spaces has been shown to facilitate stress recovery and reduce the risk of mortality among the elderly. 4) The proximity to blue spaces and the accessibility of living environments are closely linked to the elderly's ability to engage in self-care, physical activity, and overall well-being. 5) The quantity of blue space exhibits a limited impact on the prevalence of chronic diseases in the elderly and is not significantly associated with self-care abilities. Based on these findings, this study emphasizes the need to prioritize research on the relationship between blue space and the mental health of the elderly, with a specific focus on enhancing well-being and facilitating stress recovery. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of considering various confounding factors to establish a robust scientific evidence base and develop effective blue space planning strategies aimed at improving the health of the elderly population.