Abstract: Using the recent three census data, this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of provincial distribution of population health in China and its influencing factors. And the results shown that: 1) our country residents' overall health has been improved in the past 20 years, but the provincial average life expectancy was significantly different, which present the gradient decrease trend from the east area to the western area. 2) the regional distribution of health was not completely random. And it present the spatial agglomeration trend on the whole. While the agglomeration trend have weakened. 3) the increasing rate of regional life expectancy was negatively related to the initial level, which meant that the increasing rate of low initial-level provinces was higher than the high initial-level provinces. And the provincial health disparities was decreasing, which present the obvious trend of convergence. 4) The principal components regression showed that the per capita GDP, food expenditure rate, the forest coverage rate, the effluent treatment rate and other indicators were higher, the regional life expectancy was relatively higher. Due to urbanization, the problems such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, marketization of medical reform has resulted in difficulty and high cost of treatment, which led to that the index of urbanization and medical facilities were negatively related to local health level.