基于多源大数据的城市安全感评价与优化策略

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2024.09.20222276

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市精细化治理战略要求下，城市安全研究不仅需要关注物质空间安全防御体系建设，还应充分营造居民日常生活安全情感，以致力于提升城市品质、增强吸引力。首先，充分考虑居民活动与自然灾害、社会风险及建成环境之间的相互作用关系，构建城市安全感知机制模型；其次，从个人感知、建成环境、行为活动三个维度建立城市安全感评价指标体系；再者，以南京主城区为案例，利用多源大数据的创新手段对城市居民安全感进行综合测度；最后，对南京主城区安全感进行评价，识别其空间分布格局，提出其空间优化路径。研究发现：虽然在3个维度上居民安全感水平空间分布具有一定差异，但南京主城区居民安全感总体表现为“中部高南北低，组团分布明显”的空间分布格局；城市重要商圈及其周边较早开发的大型居住片区安全感高，而开发中新城和产业配套居住片区安全感低；活动功能植入、交通系统设计、公服设施布局、环境风貌修复、社区空间设计、规划政策引导、组织制度设计及智慧管理平台建设等能够更好地助力城市安全感低值区的安全水平提升。

关键词: 城市安全感, 多源大数据, 机器学习, 南京主城区, 空间优化

Abstract:

Under the requirements of refined urban governance strategy, not only the construction of physical space security defense system, but also fully creating residents' sense for daily life security should be emphasized in urban security research, so as to improve the quality of the city and enhance its attractiveness. Firstly, this research fully considers the interaction among residents' activities, natural disasters, social risks and the built environment, and then constructs the urban security sense mechanism model. Secondly, the indicator system of urban security sense is established from three dimensions of personal sense, built environment and behavioral activities. Furthermore, it uses multi-source big data to synthetically measure residents' security sense, taking the main urban area of Nanjing as an example. Finally, this research evaluates the security sense in Nanjing City, explores its spatial distribution pattern, and puts forward the corresponding spatial optimization path. The results show that: the spatial pattern of residents' security sense in Nanjing City is wholly 'higher in the center and lower in the north & south, with obvious group distribution', although there are some differences in the three dimensions. The security sense is higher in the important business districts and their surrounding residential areas developed early, and it is lower in the developing new towns and the industrial supporting residential areas. Many optimization strategies can promote the security level of the low-security sense areas, including function implantation, transportation system design, public service facility layout, environmental feature restoration, community space design, planning policy guidance, organization system design and smart management platform construction.

Key words: urban security sense, multi-source big data, machine learning, the main urban area of Nanjing, spatial optimization

秦萧, 张一鸣, 甄峰, 李民健. 基于多源大数据的城市安全感评价与优化策略[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(9): 118-132.

Xiao QIN, Yiming ZHANG, Feng ZHEN, Minjian LI. Urban security sense evaluation and optimization strategy based on multi-source big data: A case study of the main urban area of Nanjing[J]. World Regional Studies, 2024, 33(9): 118-132.

图/表 10

图1 研究区域与范围

Fig.1 Research area and boundary

图2 城市安全感知机制模型

Fig.2 Urban security sensation mechanism model

表1 城市安全感评价指标体系

Tab.1 Urban security sense evaluation indicator system

一级指标	二级指标	三级指标	指标算法
城市安全感	个人感知安全（权重：0.434）	安全关注（ $C 1$ ）（权重：0.108）	网络舆情安全问题评论数量
	个人感知安全（权重：0.434）	安全情绪（ $C 2$ ）（权重：0.325）	网络舆情安全评论情绪值
	建成环境安全（权重：0.393）	街道环境安全（ $C 3$ ）（权重：0.295）	街景安全评分
	建成环境安全（权重：0.393）	公共设施周边安全（ $C 4$ ）（权重：0.098）	医院、学校、公园街景安全评分
	行为活动安全（权重：0.173）	夜间出行安全（ $C 7$ ）（权重：0.129）	0—7点每小时平均活动人次
	行为活动安全（权重：0.173）	社会交往安全（ $C 8$ ）（权重：0.045）	周末休闲出行活动人次

表1 城市安全感评价指标体系

Tab.1 Urban security sense evaluation indicator system

一级指标	二级指标	三级指标	指标算法
城市安全感	个人感知安全（权重：0.434）	安全关注（ $C 1$ ）（权重：0.108）	网络舆情安全问题评论数量
	个人感知安全（权重：0.434）	安全情绪（ $C 2$ ）（权重：0.325）	网络舆情安全评论情绪值
	建成环境安全（权重：0.393）	街道环境安全（ $C 3$ ）（权重：0.295）	街景安全评分
	建成环境安全（权重：0.393）	公共设施周边安全（ $C 4$ ）（权重：0.098）	医院、学校、公园街景安全评分
	行为活动安全（权重：0.173）	夜间出行安全（ $C 7$ ）（权重：0.129）	0—7点每小时平均活动人次
	行为活动安全（权重：0.173）	社会交往安全（ $C 8$ ）（权重：0.045）	周末休闲出行活动人次

图3 南京主城区居民微博文本安全主题统计

Fig.3 Distribution of security topics in residents’ micro blogs in the main urban area of Nanjing

图4 南京主城区居民安全情绪值分布

Fig.4 Histogram of safety emotion value of residents in the main urban area of Nanjing

表2 n 值与街景点占比关系

Tab.2 The relationship between n value and proportion of street attractions

序号	有效图片数量	街景点占比
1	n=4	71.2%
2	n=3	14.70%
3	n=2	7.4%
4	n=1	6.7%

图5 南京主城区居民个人感知安全指数分布

Fig.5 Distribution of individual perceived security of residents in the main urban area of Nanjing

图6 南京主城区居民建成环境安全分布

Fig.6 Distribution of built-up environment security of residents in the main urban area of Nanjing

图7 南京主城区居民行为活动安全分布

Fig.7 Distribution of behavior activity security of residents in the main urban area of Nanjing

图8 南京主城区安全感总体空间分布格局

Fig.8 Distribution pattern of overall security sense in the main urban area of Nanjing

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