俄罗斯空间发展两极化背景下远东地区地缘区位势变化及影响因素

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.03.20240564

世界地理研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (3): 156-167.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.03.20240564

• 地理学与区域国别研究专辑 • 上一篇

俄罗斯空间发展两极化背景下远东地区地缘区位势变化及影响因素

李晓玲¹^,²^,³(), 苏嘉仪¹(), Сергеевич Лачининский Станислав⁴, 刘鉴¹^,²^,³, Колосов Владимир Александрович⁵

^1.东北师范大学地理科学学院，长春 130024
^2.东北师范大学长白山地理过程与生态安全教育部重点实验室，长春 130024
^3.东北师范大学俄罗斯与北极区域合作研究中心，长春 130024
^4.俄罗斯圣彼得堡国立大学地球科学学院区域政策与政治地理学系，俄罗斯圣彼得堡，199034
^5.俄罗斯科学院地理研究所地缘政治研究中心，俄罗斯莫斯科，119017

收稿日期:2024-07-16 修回日期:2025-01-10 出版日期:2025-03-15 发布日期:2025-03-26
通讯作者: 苏嘉仪
作者简介:李晓玲（1987—），女，博士，副教授，研究方向为世界经济地理、俄罗斯地理、边境区域研究等，E-mail：lixl027@nenu.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42471196)

The transformation and influencing factors of geo-locational potential in Russia's Far East Region under the background of spatial development polarization

Xiaoling LI¹^,²^,³(), Jiayi SU¹(), Stanislav LACHININSKII⁴, Jian LIU¹^,²^,³, Vladimir KOLOSOV⁵

^1.School of Geographical Sciences Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
^2.Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
^3.Research Center of Russia and Arctic Region Cooperation, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
^4.Department of Regional Policy and Political Geography, Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
^5.Center of Geopolitical Studies, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119017, Russia

Received:2024-07-16 Revised:2025-01-10 Online:2025-03-15 Published:2025-03-26
Contact: Jiayi SU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

空间发展两极化是近30年俄罗斯空间发展的主要趋势，俄罗斯实施了一系列旨在实现空间均衡发展的政策，在这一过程中，俄罗斯远东地区的经济得到一定程度的恢复和增长。为了定量评估区域发展成果及其地缘影响因素，本文对俄罗斯八大联邦管区的区域综合发展指数和远东地区联邦主体的地缘区位势进行了定量化分析。研究结果表明：①整体来看，俄罗斯八大联邦管区的区域综合发展指数呈逐渐增长趋势，中央联邦管区的增长最为显著，远东地区增长缓慢且总体水平较低，俄罗斯空间发展的两极化趋势仍然存在且不断显著。②俄罗斯远东各联邦主体的地缘区位势经历了1995—2000年的下降期、2000—2010年的平稳期和2010—2020年的增长期。③远东地区地缘区位势变化呈现明显的空间分异特征，其中毗邻中俄边境的地缘区位势率先增长，非毗邻地区增长次之。与中国接壤的滨海边疆区地缘区位势最高，最北端的楚科奇自治区的地缘区位势最低。④国家间地缘关系、政策制度、人口规模、地缘经济、交通基础设施是影响俄远东地缘区位势变化的主要因素，彼此相互作用，共同影响着俄远东地缘区位势的变化。本文有助于了解近25年俄罗斯远东地区的总体发展情况，同时丰富边境研究的相关理论。

关键词: 空间发展, 两极化, 地缘区位势, 俄罗斯远东地区

Abstract:

Spatial polarization has emerged as the primary trend in Russia's spatial development over the past three decades, prompting the implementation of policies aimed at achieving spatial equilibrium. These efforts have contributed to the economic recovery and growth in Russia's Far East region. This study conducts a quantitative analysis of the comprehensive regional development index(CRDI) across Russia's eight federal districts, along with the geo-locational potential of the constituent entities in the Far East. The findings reveal: ① The CRDI of Russia's eight federal districts exhibits a gradual upward trend, with the Central Federal District experiencing the most pronounced growth, while the Far East region lagging behind with slow growth, indicating the persistence and intensification of spatial polarization. ②The geo-locational potential of various federal subjects in Russia's Far East experienced a period of decline from 1995 to 2000, a period of stability from 2000 to 2010, and a period of sustained growth from 2010 to 2020. ③ The variation in geo-locational potential in the Far East region exhibits distinct spatial differentiation characteristics, with areas adjacent to the Sino-Russian border maintaining growth first, followed by non-adjacent areas. The Primorsky Krai, which borders China, has the highest geo-locational potential, while the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, located at the northernmost end, has the lowest geo-locational potential. ④Interstate geopolitical relations, policy institutions, geo-demographic factors, geo-economics, and infrastructure are the primary influencing factors that affect the changes in the geo-locational potential of Russia's Far East, interacting with each other and collectively impacting the transformation of the region's geo-locational potential. This study enhances understanding of the Far East's developmental trajectory over the past 25 years and contributes to enriching borderland research theories.

Key words: spatial development, polarization, geopolitical location potential, Far East Region of Russia

李晓玲, 苏嘉仪, Сергеевич Лачининский Станислав, 刘鉴, Колосов Владимир Александрович. 俄罗斯空间发展两极化背景下远东地区地缘区位势变化及影响因素[J]. 世界地理研究, 2025, 34(3): 156-167.

Xiaoling LI, Jiayi SU, Stanislav LACHININSKII, Jian LIU, Vladimir KOLOSOV. The transformation and influencing factors of geo-locational potential in Russia's Far East Region under the background of spatial development polarization[J]. World Regional Studies, 2025, 34(3): 156-167.

图/表 5

表1 区域综合发展指数指标体系

Tab. 1 Indicator system of regional comprehensive development

目标层	一级指标	二级指标	权重（ $D f$ ）
发展水平E	内部发展水平 $E n$	人口E₁/人	0. 294
		GDPE₂/百万卢布	0. 263
		人均GDP占比E₃	0. 042
		研究和开发人员数量E₄/千人	0. 039
		区域发展差异系数/E₅	0. 021
		公共交通密度E₆/（km/1000km²）	0. 148
	对外发展水平 $E w$	进出口贸易E₇/百万美元	0. 110
	对外发展水平 $E w$	政府综合预算支出E₈/百万卢布	0. 083

表1 区域综合发展指数指标体系

Tab. 1 Indicator system of regional comprehensive development

目标层	一级指标	二级指标	权重（ $D f$ ）
发展水平E	内部发展水平 $E n$	人口E₁/人	0. 294
		GDPE₂/百万卢布	0. 263
		人均GDP占比E₃	0. 042
		研究和开发人员数量E₄/千人	0. 039
		区域发展差异系数/E₅	0. 021
		公共交通密度E₆/（km/1000km²）	0. 148
	对外发展水平 $E w$	进出口贸易E₇/百万美元	0. 110
	对外发展水平 $E w$	政府综合预算支出E₈/百万卢布	0. 083

图1 俄罗斯八大联邦管区及远东联邦管区行政区划示意图注：该图基于自然资源部地图技术审查中心标准地图（审图号为 GS（2016）2276号）绘制，底图无修改。以下地图同。

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the administrative divisions of the eight federal districts and the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia

图2 俄罗斯各联邦管区区域综合发展指数变化

Fig. 2 Changes in the regional comprehensive development index of Russia's federal districts

图3 1995—2020年俄远东地区各联邦主体的地缘区位势

Fig. 3 Geographical location potential of the federal subjects in Russia's Far East from 1995 to 2020

表2 各个时期俄远东发展的政策

Tab. 2 Russia's policy on the development of the Far East in various periods

时间	政策	类型
1882年	鼓励人口向远东移民	人口政策
1891—1916年	修建西伯利亚大铁路	基础建设
1930—1940年	乌拉尔-西伯利亚工业东移计划	产业转移
1972年	苏联《远东地区综合开发计划》	区域规划
1996年（2003年修订）	《1996年至2005年远东和外贝加尔地区社会经济发展联邦专项纲要》	发展规划
2009年	《中国东北地区与俄罗斯远东及西伯利亚地区间合作规划纲要（2009 —2018年）》	跨境合作
2012年	远东发展部与远东国家开发公司设立	经济特区建设
2013年	《俄罗斯远东和贝加尔地区社会经济发展国家规划》	发展规划
2014年	建设符拉迪沃斯托克自由港和一系列跨越式开发区	经济特区建设
2018年	《中俄在俄罗斯远东地区合作发展规划（2018—2024 年）》	跨境合作
2020年	《2024年前远东发展国家纲要及2035年远景目标》	长远规划
2023年	普京重申远东开发为“国家21世纪绝对战略优先事项”	战略重申

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俄罗斯空间发展两极化背景下远东地区地缘区位势变化及影响因素

The transformation and influencing factors of geo-locational potential in Russia's Far East Region under the background of spatial development polarization

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