贵州高原山区正负地形特征及其对人口分布的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2021.01.2018465

世界地理研究 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (1): 204-212.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2021.01.2018465

贵州高原山区正负地形特征及其对人口分布的影响

罗娅¹(), 杨建红¹(), 周秋文¹, 周旭¹, 钟九生¹, 胡馨月²^,³, 高齐云¹

^1.贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院，贵阳 550001
^2.贵州师范大学国际旅游文化学院，贵阳 550001
^3.厦门大学社会与人类学院，福建厦门 361005

收稿日期:2018-10-19 修回日期:2019-10-19 出版日期:2021-01-09 发布日期:2021-04-09
通讯作者: 杨建红
作者简介:罗娅(1979-)，女，教授，研究方向为生态水文遥感与水土资源保护,E-mail:luoya2002@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41761003);教育部人文社会科学研究项目(18YJC850010);贵州省普通高等学校科技拔尖人才支持计划(黔教合KY字[2018]042);贵州省哲学社会科学规划重点课题(19GZZD07)

Characteristic of positive and negative terrains and its effect on population distribution in the mountainous area, Guizhou Plateau

Ya LUO¹(), Jianhong YANG¹(), Qiuwen ZHOU¹, Xu ZHOU¹, Jiusheng ZHONG¹, Xinyue HU²^,³, Qiyun GAO¹

^1.School of Geographic and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
^2.School of International Tourism & Culture, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
^3.School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

Received:2018-10-19 Revised:2019-10-19 Online:2021-01-09 Published:2021-04-09
Contact: Jianhong YANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

正负地形可通过源汇过程对水、土资源进行再分配，影响山区的人口分布。获取正负地形数据，运用6个指标和多元逐步回归法，分析贵州高原山区正负地形特征及其对人口分布的影响。研究表明：①贵州高原山区的正负地形结构异质性明显。蚕食度、深切度、平均粗糙度比、形状指标、匀度指数、破碎度的平均值分别为1.07、371m、1.01、3.40、325和3.34，表明正地形被负地形蚕食明显、切入深度大，正、负地形的粗糙度基本相当，正负地形景观斑块呈现形状不规则、面积不均匀的破碎状态。6个正负地形指标中，匀度指数的变异性最大，变异系数为90.43%；平均粗糙度比的变异性最小，变异系数为1.06%；②贵州高原山区的人口分布不均匀性突出。人口累积达到40%时，累积面积百分比为14%；人口累积达到80%时，累积面积百分比约为50%；③6个正负地形指标中，蚕食度和深切度是影响人口分布的主要因素。蚕食度与人口密度呈正相关关系，深切度与人口密度呈负相关关系。研究成果为研究地形条件的人口影响提供补充，并为贵州高原山区人-地关系协调和土地可持续管理提供参考。

关键词: 正负地形, 人口分布, 山区, 贵州高原, 人-地关系

Abstract:

Positive and negative terrains can redistribute water and soil resources through source-sink processes, which affect the population distribution in mountainous area, and need to be further studied. This study obtains positive and negative terrains data, applies six indicators and stepwise multiple regression method, analyzes characteristic of positive and negative terrains and their effect on population distribution in the mountainous area, Guizhou Plateau.Results indicate that: 1) Heterogeneity of positive and negative terrains is obvious.The average nibble degree (ND), cutting depth (CD), mean- roughness- ratio (MRR), shape index (SI), homogeneous index (HI) and fragmentation (F) are 1.07, 371m, 1.01, 3.40, 325 and 3.34, respectively.The positive terrain is nibbled obviously and cut deeply by the negative terrain, positive terrain is basically the same roughness as negative terrain, and landscape patches in positive and negative terrains are fragmented and showed irregular shape and uneven area. HI has the highest variability with the variation coefficient of 90.43%, and MRR has the lowest variability with the variation coefficient of 1.06%.2) The population distribution shows obvious inhomogeneity.When the cumulative percentage of population reaches 40%,cumulative percentage of area is 14%;when cumulative percentage of population reaches 80%, cumulative percentage of area is nearly 50%; the remaining 50% of the area accumulates only about 20% of the population.3)ND and CD are major factors affecting the population distribution.ND determines the population agglomeration level by affecting the land carrying capacity, and has a positive correlation with population density.CD determines population's agglomeration level by affecting the geological hazard risk of human settlement, and has a negatively correlated with population density.Findings can expand research on impact of terrain on population, and provide reference for coordinating man-land relationship and achieving sustainable land management in the mountainous area, Guizhou Plateau.

Key words: positive and negative terrains, population distribution, mountainous area, Guizhou Plateau, man-land relationship

罗娅, 杨建红, 周秋文, 周旭, 钟九生, 胡馨月, 高齐云. 贵州高原山区正负地形特征及其对人口分布的影响[J]. 世界地理研究, 2021, 30(1): 204-212.

Ya LUO, Jianhong YANG, Qiuwen ZHOU, Xu ZHOU, Jiusheng ZHONG, Xinyue HU, Qiyun GAO. Characteristic of positive and negative terrains and its effect on population distribution in the mountainous area, Guizhou Plateau[J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(1): 204-212.

图/表 10

图1 研究区位置(a)与人口空间分布(b)

Fig.1 Study area (a) and its population distribution (b)

图2 手绘沟沿线与30m分辨率DEM提取沟沿线对比：位置(a)与位移(b)

Fig.2 Comparisons between hand-drawn shoulder-line and 30 m resolution DEM-extracted shoulder-line: position (a) and displacement (b)

表1 正负地形指标

Tab.1 Positive and negative terrains indicators

指标	计算公式	变量含义	地学意义
蚕食度	$D = A n A P$	$A n$ 表示负地形区域在水平面上的投影面积， $A p$ 表示正地形区域在水平面上的投影面积	负地形对正地形的蚕食程度。该值越大，表明地表被蚕食程度越高
深切度	$I = M e a n H p - M i n H n$	$M e a n H p$ 为正地形平均高程， $M i n H n$ 为负地形的最小高程	负地形对正地形的切入深度
平均粗糙度比	$R r = R p ¯ R n ¯$	$R p ¯$ 为正地形区域粗糙度均值， $R p ¯$ 为负地形区域粗糙度均值	正负地形区粗糙程度的对比
形状指标	$S = ∑ i = 1 N W i P i 2 π A i$	$N$ 为正地形斑块数， $W i$ 为第i个斑块的面积权重， $P i$ 为第i个斑块周长， $A i$ 为第i个斑块面积	正负地形斑块在空间结构上的不规则程度。
匀度指数	$H = ∑ i = 1 N A i - ∑ i = 1 N A i N 2 N × 106$	$N$ 为正地形斑块数， $A i$ 为第i个斑块的面积	正负地形景观斑块在面积上的均匀程
破碎度	$F = (N - 1) ∑ i = 1 N A i ¯$	$N$ 为正地形斑块数， $A i$ 为第i个斑块的面积	正负地形景观斑块的破碎程度

表1 正负地形指标

Tab.1 Positive and negative terrains indicators

指标	计算公式	变量含义	地学意义
蚕食度	$D = A n A P$	$A n$ 表示负地形区域在水平面上的投影面积， $A p$ 表示正地形区域在水平面上的投影面积	负地形对正地形的蚕食程度。该值越大，表明地表被蚕食程度越高
深切度	$I = M e a n H p - M i n H n$	$M e a n H p$ 为正地形平均高程， $M i n H n$ 为负地形的最小高程	负地形对正地形的切入深度
平均粗糙度比	$R r = R p ¯ R n ¯$	$R p ¯$ 为正地形区域粗糙度均值， $R p ¯$ 为负地形区域粗糙度均值	正负地形区粗糙程度的对比
形状指标	$S = ∑ i = 1 N W i P i 2 π A i$	$N$ 为正地形斑块数， $W i$ 为第i个斑块的面积权重， $P i$ 为第i个斑块周长， $A i$ 为第i个斑块面积	正负地形斑块在空间结构上的不规则程度。
匀度指数	$H = ∑ i = 1 N A i - ∑ i = 1 N A i N 2 N × 106$	$N$ 为正地形斑块数， $A i$ 为第i个斑块的面积	正负地形景观斑块在面积上的均匀程
破碎度	$F = (N - 1) ∑ i = 1 N A i ¯$	$N$ 为正地形斑块数， $A i$ 为第i个斑块的面积	正负地形景观斑块的破碎程度

图3 研究区乡(镇)单元人口普查值与估算值对比

Fig.3 Comparisons between census and estimated population at township level of study area

图4 正负地形特征：蚕食度(a)、深切度(b)、平均粗糙度(c)、形状指标(d)、匀度指数(e)、破碎度(f)

Fig.4 Characteristic of positive and negative terrains: nibble degree (a), cutting depth (b), mean- roughness- ratio (c), shape index (d), homogeneous index (e) and fragmentation (f)

表3 研究区正负地形指标统计

Tab.3 Statistics of positive-negative terrains indicators of study area

指标	最大值	最小值	平均值	变异系数/%
蚕食度	1.34	0.82	1.07	7.01
深切度/m	760.00	73.00	371.00	32.41
平均粗糙度比	1.05	0.99	1.01	1.06
形状指标	8.30	0.52	3.40	47.03
匀度指数	1362.00	16.00	325.00	90.43
破碎度	8.08	1.71	3.34	40.00

表4 研究区与黄土高原的正负地形指标对比

Tab.4 Comparisons of positive-negative terrains indicators between study area and Loess Plateau

区域	蚕食度	深切度/m	平均粗糙度比	形状指标	匀度指数	破碎度
研究区	1.07	371	1.01	3.40	325	3.34
黄土高原	0.70	79.75	0.91	32.75	265.25	9.30

表5 研究区正负地形各指标间相关系数

Tab.5 Correlation coefficients of positive and negative terrains indicators of study area

参数	蚕食度	深切度	平均粗糙度比	形状指标	匀度指数	破碎度
蚕食度	1.0000	-0.1634	0.7083	-0.4045	-0.3073	0.3408
深切度	-0.1634	1.0000	0.1059	0.4323	0.2983	-0.4536
平均粗糙度比	0.7083	0.1059	1.0000	-0.4116	-0.1555	0.0098
形状指标	-0.4045	0.4323	-0.4116	1.0000	0.3571	-0.3942
匀度指数	-0.3073	0.2983	-0.1555	0.3571	1.0000	-0.1181
破碎度	0.3408	-0.4536	0.0098	-0.3942	-0.1181	1.0000

表6 研究区人口分类统计

Tab.6 Population classification statistics in study area

人口密度/(人/km²)	0～1	2～25	26～50	51～100	101～200	201～400	401～500	501～1000	>1000
面积/km²	1880.14	473.30	386.17	759.57	1084.79	622.91	44.99	28.72	8.91
占比/%	35.54	8.95	7.30	14.36	20.51	11.78	0.85	0.54	0.17

图5 人口分布洛仑兹曲线(a)与各坡度人口密度(b)注：G代表坡度

Fig.5 The population distribution of Lorenz curve (a) and population density of different slopes (b)

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贵州高原山区正负地形特征及其对人口分布的影响

Characteristic of positive and negative terrains and its effect on population distribution in the mountainous area, Guizhou Plateau

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