世界体系视角下的日本选举地理与农业政策分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2023.07.2021688

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

世界体系方法可以解释世界经济中不同地区选举多样化的作用和意义。聚焦于2017年日本大选，将世界体系分析方法与选举政治相结合，探讨国际自由贸易和国内农业政策改革中不同利益群体的政治角力，从而揭示出全球地缘政治经济的变化与地方选举之间的关系。结果表明：（1）低信息和低参与的选举导致“现职效应”，自民党一党优位的格局稳定，但城乡选区的竞选激烈程度差异较大，代表性日趋失衡；（2）全球新自由主义推动日本经济空间重构与选举动力变化，形成基于自由贸易的权力政治和基于传统农业文化的支持政治；（3）自民党政权通过调整农业利益集团与首相的权力关系，改革农业政策，弥合支持政治与权力政治之间的割裂。

关键词: 世界体系, 选举地理, 新自由主义, 保护主义, 农业政策

Abstract:

The electoral geographic world system method can explain the role and significance of electoral diversification in different regions of the world economy. This paper focuses on the 2017 Japanese General Election and combines the world system analysis method with electoral politics to explore the political tussle between different interest groups in international free trade and domestic agricultural policy reform. This reveals the relationship between global geopolitical economic changes and local elections. The results show that: (1) Due to the "incumbency effect" caused by low-information and low-participation elections, the one-party dominance pattern of the liberal Democratic Party is stable, but the intensity of the election in urban and rural areas varies greatly, and the representativeness is increasingly unbalanced; (2) The global neoliberalism promotes the reconstruction of Japan's economic space and the change of its electoral power, forming the political geography of power based on free trade economic geography and the political geography of support based on traditional agricultural culture geography; (3) By adjusting the power relationship between the agricultural interest groups and the prime minister, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) regime reformed the agricultural policy and closed the separation between the supporting geography and the power geography.

Key words: world-system, electoral geography, neoliberalization, populism, agricultural policy

刘玄宇, 刘云刚. 世界体系视角下的日本选举地理与农业政策分析[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(7): 36-48.

Xuanyu LIU, Yungang LIU. Research on Japan's electoral geography and agricultural policy making from world-system perspective:[J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(7): 36-48.

图/表 7

表1 2017年日本各参选政党情况

Tab.1 Overview of political parties Japan General Election in 2017

地位	政党名称	简称	政党倾向
执政联盟	自民党	LDP	保守，右翼
执政联盟	公明党	Komeito
内阁外合作方	日本之心	Kokoro
内阁外合作方	大地新党	NPD
反对党	希望党	Kibō	保守，中-右翼
	维新党	Ishin	中-右翼
	立宪党	CD	自由，中-左翼
	共产党	JCP	左翼
	社民党	SDP	中-左
	民主党	DP	未参选，部分成员以希望党成员参选
独立或假其他政党之名被提名	独立候选人	I	—

图1 日本选举政治分析框架

Fig.1 Analysis framework of Japanese election politics

图2 2017年日本小选区（a）与大选区（b）的选举结果注：该图基于国家自然资源部标准地图服务系统下载的审图号为GS（2021）544号的标准地图裁切制作，底图无修改。以下地图同。

Fig.2 Election results for small (a) and large (b) electoral districts in Japan in 2017

图3 2017年日本小选举区竞选激烈程度比值（a）与“现职者”变动（b）

Fig.3 Ratio of election intensity in Japan's small electoral districts (a) and change of "incumbents" (b) in 2017

图4 2017年日本小选区选民数量偏差比值（a）与全国农业耕地率分布（b）

Fig.4 General Election vote-value disparity in single-member districts (a) and distribution of agricultural arable land (b) in 2017

表2 安倍内阁农业改革的主要措施

Tab.2 The main measures of Abe Regime' agricultural reform

改革项目	主要内容
农村土地	通过改革土地所有权和使用权、农地出让和土地交易税，促进小块、分散土地的流动和整合
农村金融	在全国范围内推行农地整合银行，以取代农协的部分银行业务
财政补贴	逐步取消农机等部分生产资料补贴，重申农业政策底线以削弱负面效应
农协改革	将中央会转型为非征税的组织，取消其对地方农协的审计和指导职能，同时将全国农业合作社联合会改为股份公司，取消农产品价格垄断权

图5 《农林水产业、活力创造计划》框架

Fig.5 Framework of ‘agriculture， forestry and aquatic industry， vigorous creation plan’

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