美国弱势群体交通服务规划的经验和对中国的启示

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2024.08.20222407

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着人口老龄化程度的加深，建设老年友好型社会环境得到学界的广泛关注。在积极老龄化的导向下，交通设施建设需要适应老年人的需求，并采取相应的服务管理措施。中国老年人口基数庞大，适老化公交环境亟须建设，目前存在面向老年人的交通规划尚处于探索状态、传统规划缺乏对老年群体出行异质性的应对措施、老年友好型公交环境的营造需要强化治理手段等问题。本文通过梳理佛罗里达州弱势群体交通服务规划的发展历程、编制要点、治理策略，研究其全程参与式规划流程、差异化交通服务策略、体系化治理措施的特点，以期为中国实现构建老年友好型公共交通环境提供借鉴意义。结合中国国情和人口老龄化现状，本文提出以下三点启示：①构建面向老年人需求的交通服务规划，重视政策软环境的创造，建立多层级、上下协作的弱势群体交通规划和治理体系，促进“适老”设计和“助老”服务的融合发展；②充分考虑地区、个人差异化的特征，因地制宜地制定建设指标和治理策略，提出精细化的改造和治理策略；③推进“全程参与”+“技术赋能”的治理模式，切实满足老年人的需求，加强老年群体在营造老年友好型公共交通的参与度，实现老年友好型交通的共建共治。

关键词: 弱势群体, 交通服务规划, 公共交通, 老年友好, 积极老龄化, 人本主义

Abstract:

As the population continues to age, there is increasing academic attention to the construction of an elderly-friendly social environment. Guided by active aging, it is crucial to adapt transportation infrastructure to the needs of the elderly and implement corresponding service management measures. Given China's significant elderly population, the urgent need arises to create age-friendly public transportation environments. Currently, several challenges exist, including the exploration of transportation planning for the elderly, traditional planning's lack of responsiveness to diverse travel patterns among the elderly, and the necessity to strengthen governance measures in establishing age-friendly public transportation environments. This study investigates the developmental process, key considerations, and governance strategies of transportation service planning for vulnerable groups in Florida. It explores the characteristics of participatory planning processes, differentiated transportation service strategies, and systematic governance measures, aiming to provide valuable insights into China's efforts in constructing an age-friendly public transportation environment. Taking into account China's national context and the current state of population aging, the study proposes the following three recommendations: ①Develop transportation service plans that cater to the specific needs of the elderly, with a focus on creating a favorable policy environment. This involves establishing a collaborative, multi-level planning and governance system for vulnerable groups, promoting the integration of "age-friendly" design and "elderly-assistance" services. ②Fully consider regional and individual differences, tailor construction targets and governance strategies accordingly, and propose refined transformation and governance approaches. ③Advocate for a governance model that combines "full participation" and "technological empowerment," effectively addressing the needs of the elderly. This includes enhancing the involvement of the elderly in the creation of age-friendly public transportation and achieving a cooperative and shared governance approach to age-friendly transportation.

Key words: vulnerable people, transportation service plan, public transit, aging friendly, active aging, humanism

顾宗倪, 罗小龙. 美国弱势群体交通服务规划的经验和对中国的启示[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(8): 65-76.

Zongni GU, Xiaolong LUO. The experience of transportation disadvantaged service plan in America and its enlightenments to China[J]. World Regional Studies, 2024, 33(8): 65-76.

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要素	作用	具体内容
发展规划	根据地区的社会、经济、空间属性和弱势群体分布特征，制定符合当地特点的5年交通弱势群体服务规划，提出相应的规划目标及应对策略，制定实施进度	规划背景介绍、服务地区的人口社会经济属性分析、弱势群体交通供需评价、规划过程中的公共参与情况、规划目标及策略、5年规划的时间进度安排
服务规划	规划的具体实施要素，介绍地区的辅助交通的服务时间、路线、车辆类型、供应商情况、预约办法、安全保障、服务细则等内容	介绍交通服务实施要素、服务细则、应急处置、投诉流程
保障措施	交通弱势群体服务的保障和监管办法，明确每年对服务质量的评估办法，以及服务收费的监管措施	服务质量评价指标和流程，监管措施、收费标准评价

要素	作用	具体内容
发展规划	根据地区的社会、经济、空间属性和弱势群体分布特征，制定符合当地特点的5年交通弱势群体服务规划，提出相应的规划目标及应对策略，制定实施进度	规划背景介绍、服务地区的人口社会经济属性分析、弱势群体交通供需评价、规划过程中的公共参与情况、规划目标及策略、5年规划的时间进度安排
服务规划	规划的具体实施要素，介绍地区的辅助交通的服务时间、路线、车辆类型、供应商情况、预约办法、安全保障、服务细则等内容	介绍交通服务实施要素、服务细则、应急处置、投诉流程
保障措施	交通弱势群体服务的保障和监管办法，明确每年对服务质量的评估办法，以及服务收费的监管措施	服务质量评价指标和流程，监管措施、收费标准评价

评估类型	评估内容
交通服务质量评估	交通工具使用率、服务准点率、平均交通时长、平均交通花费
弱势群体满意度评估	旅途满意度、服务预约难易度、安全性、准时性、可达性
组织机构评估	管理类型、服务类型、服务地区弱势群体数量

评估类型	评估内容
交通服务质量评估	交通工具使用率、服务准点率、平均交通时长、平均交通花费
弱势群体满意度评估	旅途满意度、服务预约难易度、安全性、准时性、可达性
组织机构评估	管理类型、服务类型、服务地区弱势群体数量

主体类别	职责与义务
交通供应商	公司运营和安全管理、车辆维护操作和检查、司机驾驶记录及专业培训、禁酒禁赌政策落实、系统安全规划制定、提供年度总结报告、ADA合格认证
驾驶员	统一着装、佩戴名牌、辅助出行
乘客	预约车辆、按照预约时间上车、遵守取消预约程序