景区依附型社区参与旅游发展的文化限制性分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2023.06.2021200

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

当前对社区参与旅游发展的限制性因素的探讨较少从文化方面深入分析。本文在建立文化限制性因素分析框架的基础上，运用质性研究方法，对贵州省施秉喀斯特世界自然遗产地的依附型社区进行案例分析。研究发现：（1）景区依附型社区参与旅游并非呈线性发展，遗产地社区20余年来的旅游发展经历了“搭便车”参与、中期的自发组织性参与到目前发展陷入困境等阶段；（2）依附型社区参与旅游的阶段性发展困境中，文化限制性因素尤为突出；（3）遗产地社区参与旅游的发展变化是由地方的社区参与意识、社区参与能力、社区参与领导力、社区参与凝聚力以及社区参与集体行动力等若干文化限制性因素所致。研究对社区参与旅游发展状况的深入评估，为分析文化限制性提供了一个较为有效的框架，对乡村旅游发展、地方政府旅游政策的制定以及“乡村振兴”等具有参考意义。

关键词: 社区参与旅游, 文化限制性, 施秉喀斯特, 世界遗产地, 贵州省

Abstract:

The current discussion on the limitation factors of community participation in tourism development is less in-depth analysis from the cultural perspective. Therefore, based on the analysis framework of cultural limitation, this study applies qualitative research method to study dependent communities in Shibing karst world natural heritage site. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Community participation in tourism depending the scenic area is not completely linear development. The tourism development of communities around the Shibing karst heritage site in recent 30 years has experienced three stages from the "free-ride" participation, the spontaneous organizational participation in the medium-term to the current development dilemma. (2)In the stage dilemma of dependent community participation in tourism, cultural restrictive factors are particularly prominent.The survey found that local tourism in Shibing karst can not support the employment and livelihood of residents at all.In particular, community participation in tourism is significantly affected by cultural restrictive factors that work together between local and community.(3)The development and change of tourism participation in heritage site are caused by several cultural limitations based on place, such as the consciousness of community participation, the ability of community participation, the leadership of community participation, the cohesion of community participation and collective action. Throughout an in-depth evaluation of the community participation in tourism development, this research provides a more effective analytical framework for the cultural limitations of community participation in tourism development, and provides some references for the development of rural tourism, the formulation of local government tourism policies and "rural revitalization".

Key words: community participation in tourism, cultural limitation, Shibing Karst, world heritage site, Guizhou

叶仕安, 杜芳娟, 吴克华, 庄淑蓉, 刘宇炫. 景区依附型社区参与旅游发展的文化限制性分析[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(6): 142-156.

Shian YE, Fangjuan DU, Kehua WU, Shurong ZHUANG, Yuxuan LIU. Cultural limitation analysis of participation in tourism development in scenic area dependent communities: The case study of the communities in Shibing Karst Heritage Site[J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(6): 142-156.

图/表 6

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作者	因素1	因素2	因素3	因素4	因素5
Tosun^[36] （2000）	操作性限制因素：旅游公共管理的中央集权；缺乏协作；缺乏信息。	结构性限制因素：旅游从业者的态度；缺乏专家；缺乏法制基础；缺乏训练有素的旅游人力资源；缺乏资金渠道	文化限制因素：贫困人口能力限制；社区参与无意识
陈飙^[38] （2007）	产业均衡	矛盾转移	供求平衡等
Kim S^[39] (2014)	教育程度低，缺乏旅游知识	简陋的居住条件，缺乏资金支持	日常忙碌，没有时间参与旅游	社区对旅游季节性、低收入的行业认知	权力悬殊、制度阻碍与对官方的不信任
Paimin V^[32]（2014）	知识有限	缺乏资金	语言沟通不畅	缺乏信息	有限的政府支持
Kala^[40] （2018）	实践性因素：知识欠缺；教育程度低	社会-文化因素：简陋的居住条件；忙碌的生计；妇女角色被动	顾虑性因素（Apprehension）：旅游季节性认知、缺乏专家、消极影响认知	制度性因素：权力悬殊

作者	因素1	因素2	因素3	因素4	因素5
Tosun^[36] （2000）	操作性限制因素：旅游公共管理的中央集权；缺乏协作；缺乏信息。	结构性限制因素：旅游从业者的态度；缺乏专家；缺乏法制基础；缺乏训练有素的旅游人力资源；缺乏资金渠道	文化限制因素：贫困人口能力限制；社区参与无意识
陈飙^[38] （2007）	产业均衡	矛盾转移	供求平衡等
Kim S^[39] (2014)	教育程度低，缺乏旅游知识	简陋的居住条件，缺乏资金支持	日常忙碌，没有时间参与旅游	社区对旅游季节性、低收入的行业认知	权力悬殊、制度阻碍与对官方的不信任
Paimin V^[32]（2014）	知识有限	缺乏资金	语言沟通不畅	缺乏信息	有限的政府支持
Kala^[40] （2018）	实践性因素：知识欠缺；教育程度低	社会-文化因素：简陋的居住条件；忙碌的生计；妇女角色被动	顾虑性因素（Apprehension）：旅游季节性认知、缺乏专家、消极影响认知	制度性因素：权力悬殊

受访者	性别	年龄	身份
YDH	女	30	木牌农家乐老板娘
NYH	男	44	聂家堰组长，景区拍照、县城做零工
YDJ	男	50	聂家堰村民，在县城做零工
YAM	女	70	聂家堰村民，在景区摆摊
WTB	男	60	聂家堰老组长
YP	男	35	白塘村村委会文书
MZY	男	34	牌楼冲村民，欣怡农家乐老板
WGJ	女	42	杨成农家乐老板娘
MRK	男	38	牌楼冲村民，迎仙桥农家乐老板
PXM	男	60	牌楼冲老组长，如今在外承包项目
RGZ	女	53	宝石苑农家乐老板娘
MZL	男	48	牌楼冲村民，在外务工
LSA	男	40	牌楼冲村民，印斗阁农家乐老板
ZY	女	31	黑冲农家乐老板娘
LHJ	男	57	黑冲组长，务农和零工
XG	男	36	杉木河公司员工，负责杉木河景区安保
WY	男	48	世遗局副局长
WH	男	51	麻卡公司工作人员

受访者	性别	年龄	身份
YDH	女	30	木牌农家乐老板娘
NYH	男	44	聂家堰组长，景区拍照、县城做零工
YDJ	男	50	聂家堰村民，在县城做零工
YAM	女	70	聂家堰村民，在景区摆摊
WTB	男	60	聂家堰老组长
YP	男	35	白塘村村委会文书
MZY	男	34	牌楼冲村民，欣怡农家乐老板
WGJ	女	42	杨成农家乐老板娘
MRK	男	38	牌楼冲村民，迎仙桥农家乐老板
PXM	男	60	牌楼冲老组长，如今在外承包项目
RGZ	女	53	宝石苑农家乐老板娘
MZL	男	48	牌楼冲村民，在外务工
LSA	男	40	牌楼冲村民，印斗阁农家乐老板
ZY	女	31	黑冲农家乐老板娘
LHJ	男	57	黑冲组长，务农和零工
XG	男	36	杉木河公司员工，负责杉木河景区安保
WY	男	48	世遗局副局长
WH	男	51	麻卡公司工作人员