从锈带到先进制造业集群：资源型经济转型及高质量发展的路径探析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2021.04.2020534

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

资源型经济转型是我国经济高质量发展及区域协调发展的重要掣肘和关键突破口，同时先进制造业集群已成为提升全球竞争力和创新能力的区域根基。本文主要结合德国德累斯顿区域和美国阿克伦城市群从锈带到世界级先进制造业集群的发展历程，剖析其资源型经济转型及集群化高质量发展的共性路径特征，总结其经验启示。研究发现，区域发展过程是路径创造与演化的过程，德累斯顿区域和阿克伦城市群均持续专注于一到两项界限分明的科技创新建立区域转型发展的磁极，本地蜂鸣与全球网络以及二者之间的互动是转型发展的主导力量；采用以主体多元化、领域跨界化、结构扁平化、组织开放化为主要特征的网络化创新组织模式，有效推动形成了政产学研用协同创新共同体和创新型产业集群；空间组织形态兼顾本区域的地理空间集聚和跨区域的集群间协作；集群组织等网络化协作组织在促进本地技术创新网络、跨区域协同合作网络以及本地-全球互动网络构建和发展中发挥着非常重要的“织网人”作用。建议我国资源型经济区域全面对接国家创新驱动发展战略及集群策动战略，专注于一到两项界限分明的科技创新，以本地根植性为聚集核，以培育发展创新型产业集群为导向，制定区域经济转型与集群化高质量发展的完整路径，同时加快建立集群组织、联盟组织等网络化协作组织，通过其“织网人”和“粘合剂”作用推动构建本地技术创新网络和全球协同创新网络，推进区域发展路径的演化与转型。

关键词: 锈带, 资源型经济转型, 先进制造业集群, 技术创新体系, 全球-地方互动网络

Abstract:

The transformation of resource-based economy is an important constraint and key breakthrough for high-quality economic development and coordinated regional development. And advanced manufacturing clusters have become the regional foundation to enhance global competitiveness and innovation ability. Regional development is also the process of developing path creation and evolution. This paper mainly reviewed the process of Rust Belt renaissance and competitiveness cluster development of Dresden region in Germany and Akron region in the United States, and summarized the experience and enlightenment of resource-based economy transformation. It is found that both of Dresden and Akron region have been continuously focusing on one or two well-defined technological innovations to establish the magnetic poles of regional transformation and development. Local buzzer and global network as well as the interactions between them are the leading forces of transformation and development. The network organization is the mode of innovation organization in the two regions which is with the main characteristics of diversification of subjects, transboundary of fields, flattening of structure and opening of organization. With the improvement of the development level of regional cluster, the spatial organization form of collaborative innovation gradually gives consideration both to the regional spatial agglomeration and multi-dimensional spatial collaboration. Networked collaborative organizations play an important role as "networkers" in promoting the building and developing of local technology innovation networks, cross-regional collaboration networks and global-local interaction networks. It is suggested that China's resource-based region design the full path of the regional economic transformation and cluster development oriented to national innovation driven development strategy and the current advanced manufacturing clusters strategy, and the path should be based on local embeddedness and regard fostering competitiveness cluster as the guidance. The region should focus on one or two scientific and technological innovation to promote regional innovation network, and accelerate the establishment of networked collaborative organization to promote local technological innovation network, global collaborative innovation networks and global-local interaction network.

Key words: Rust Belt, transformation of resource-based economy, advanced manufacturing cluster, technological innovation system, global-local network

赵璐, 吕利娜. 从锈带到先进制造业集群：资源型经济转型及高质量发展的路径探析[J]. 世界地理研究, 2021, 30(4): 802-812.

Lu ZHAO, Lina LV. From Rust Belt to world-class competitive cluster: Transformation and high-quality development of resource-based economy[J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(4): 802-812.

图/表 2

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要素	德累斯顿区域	阿克伦城市群
产业领域	电子和微电子领域	聚合物领域
发展模式	政府引导为主，以半导体领域代表企业作为经济增长引擎，通过集群组织促进政产学研用协同合作，立足区域基础优势推进建立多元化现代产业体系，重视全球合作网络建设	市场作用为主，以阿克伦大学作为经济增长引擎，坚持集群化发展路径，通过联盟组织促进政产学研用协同合作
高校及研究机构	德累斯顿工业大学等4所综合类大学弗劳恩霍夫协会的11个研究机构莱布尼茨学会的5个研究机构马普学会的3个研究机构亥姆霍兹学会的罗森多夫研究中心 5所职业技术培训学院	阿克伦大学肯特州立大学俄亥俄州立大学
主要企业（注：部分列举）	德国英飞凌科技公司德国世创电子材料公司美国超威半导体公司美国格罗方德半导体公司日本凸版光掩膜公司	阿克伦聚合物系统公司阿克伦表面技术公司美国固特异轮胎橡胶公司美国通用电气公司美国波音航空航天公司
网络化协作组织	“萨克森硅谷”非盈利性集群组织	FlexMatters非营利性联盟组织
资金支持	德国领先集群计划德国走向集群计划欧盟“地平线2020”计划	“俄亥俄第三前线”计划美国区域创新集群计划美国“先进制造业国家战略计划”
创业支持	“高科技跑道”孵化器 “未来萨克森”商业计划竞赛	阿克伦大学研究基金阿克伦全球商业加速器东北俄亥俄州市场加速器

要素	德累斯顿区域	阿克伦城市群
产业领域	电子和微电子领域	聚合物领域
发展模式	政府引导为主，以半导体领域代表企业作为经济增长引擎，通过集群组织促进政产学研用协同合作，立足区域基础优势推进建立多元化现代产业体系，重视全球合作网络建设	市场作用为主，以阿克伦大学作为经济增长引擎，坚持集群化发展路径，通过联盟组织促进政产学研用协同合作
高校及研究机构	德累斯顿工业大学等4所综合类大学弗劳恩霍夫协会的11个研究机构莱布尼茨学会的5个研究机构马普学会的3个研究机构亥姆霍兹学会的罗森多夫研究中心 5所职业技术培训学院	阿克伦大学肯特州立大学俄亥俄州立大学
主要企业（注：部分列举）	德国英飞凌科技公司德国世创电子材料公司美国超威半导体公司美国格罗方德半导体公司日本凸版光掩膜公司	阿克伦聚合物系统公司阿克伦表面技术公司美国固特异轮胎橡胶公司美国通用电气公司美国波音航空航天公司
网络化协作组织	“萨克森硅谷”非盈利性集群组织	FlexMatters非营利性联盟组织
资金支持	德国领先集群计划德国走向集群计划欧盟“地平线2020”计划	“俄亥俄第三前线”计划美国区域创新集群计划美国“先进制造业国家战略计划”
创业支持	“高科技跑道”孵化器 “未来萨克森”商业计划竞赛	阿克伦大学研究基金阿克伦全球商业加速器东北俄亥俄州市场加速器