日本废弃铁路的时空演变及城市空间变化研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.06.20250023

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在当前存量时代，如何推动曾为城市工业发展作出巨大贡献的城市废弃铁路实现功能“再就业”，厘清其对沿线城市空间结构会产生何种影响，已然成为城市更新行动中无法绕开的一个重要议题。本文从国家、地方和城市3个空间尺度考察分析日本铁路废弃的时空演变特征和影响因素，梳理并归纳铁路消失城市的空间变化模式和类型。研究发现，日本铁路废弃先发生于大都市的路面电车、农村地区的工业铁路、简易轨道及短途支线，后续逐步呈现出向地方城市的国铁和干线以及大都市圈铁路线扩散的趋势。其中，九州和北海道的废弃铁路总量最多，共出现了11个铁路消失城市，这些城市的空间格局在铁路消失后呈现出不同的变化模式和类型。对日本废弃铁路的时空演变及其带来的城市格局变化进行分析，可为国内铁路废弃城市的城市更新提供有益建议。

关键词: 日本废弃铁路, 时空演变, 空间特征, 影响因素, 铁路消失城市, 城市空间变化

Abstract:

Based on urban development concepts of "incremental expansion"and "stock optimization", how to regenerate the abandoned urban railways, and what impacts they have on the spatial structure of the cities along the lines which have made great contributions to urban industrial development have become a common issue to be faced in urban regeneration. This study not only analyzed space-time characteristics and influence factors of railways abandonment extended in terms of country, region and city, but also summarized the patterns and types of spatial changes of railroad disappearing cities. The analysis results show that the abandoned railways included the street railways in metropolis, industrial railways and simple railways in rural areas, and short branch lines. And it expanded to the national railway and the main line in the region and railways of metropolitan area in Japan. There are most of abandoned railway in Kyushu and Hokkaido including all of 11 cities where railways have vanished. Based on the analysis of land-use changes near railway stations in the 11 cities, the urban spatial structure has changed differently, falling into three types:a downtown-shrinking type, an urban-development-irrelevant type, and a transit-oriented type.①The downtown shrinkage type is primarily characterized by more pronounced economic decline, building demolition and contraction redevelopment in the downtown area surrounding the train station; ②With respect to urban development less-favored type, urban development was inactive around the train station before the railways were abandoned, while urban development didn't expand in the direction of the railway station marginalized after the railways were abandoned;③In terms of the transit-oriented development type, the public facilities and bus terminals were located around the former railways station and railways sites, and the size of the urban center was enlarged.Finally,the paper generalizes the models and types of railway vanishing cities spatial changes in Japan and consequently puts forward some suggestions for urban renewal of railway vanishing cities in China.

Key words: Japanese abandoned railways, time-space evolution, spatial features, influencing factors, railway vanishing cities, urban spatial changes

栾志理. 日本废弃铁路的时空演变及城市空间变化研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2026, 35(6): 36-47.

Zhili LUAN. Time-space evolution of abandoned railways and the changes of urban spatial structure in Japan[J]. World Regional Studies, 2026, 35(6): 36-47.

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空间变化类型	城站空间关系	铁路用地调整	火车站周边用地变化	火车站用地转换	替代交通工具	建设用地规模	案例城市
类型A：市中心收缩型	站于城内	闲置	规模收缩	公园	公共汽车	缩小	歌志内市、三笠市、垂水市
类型B：城市开发无关型	站于城郊	城市道路	几乎无变化	闲置用地	无	几乎不变	大川市、菊池市、八女市
类型C：公共交通指向型	站于城外	城市道路	更新、新开发	公交总站、公共设施	公共汽车	扩大	南萨摩市、纹别市、西都市、伊佐市、鹿屋市

空间变化类型	城站空间关系	铁路用地调整	火车站周边用地变化	火车站用地转换	替代交通工具	建设用地规模	案例城市
类型A：市中心收缩型	站于城内	闲置	规模收缩	公园	公共汽车	缩小	歌志内市、三笠市、垂水市
类型B：城市开发无关型	站于城郊	城市道路	几乎无变化	闲置用地	无	几乎不变	大川市、菊池市、八女市
类型C：公共交通指向型	站于城外	城市道路	更新、新开发	公交总站、公共设施	公共汽车	扩大	南萨摩市、纹别市、西都市、伊佐市、鹿屋市