Abstract: Based on the fifth and the sixth census data, this paper states the population spatial distribution and change characteristics, using GIS and Geoda spatial analysis. We found: (1) it is obvious that there is circle difference on spatial distribution, and the northeast-southwest axial expansion characteristic is remarkable. The suburbanization of population and the local agglomeration of the external population exist simultaneously. The aging population centralization is obvious. (2) the spatial agglomeration caused the Matthew effect are growing in Xi'an, the city center and the adjacent part of the suburb street constitute the high density of the permanent population, the external population and the aging population.?The east and west suburban areas have low population density depressions contiguous, and two regions showed a trend of expansion.?(3) Xi'an city population spatial layout of multi-center feature enhancement, In the Zhonglou as the core in the center of the city, Xiaozhai Changyanbao Dianzicheng has gradually developed into a sub-center of Xi'an city population.?(4)?Park development, University City construction, administrative center migration, the transformation of the old industrial areas and urban renewal and other factors jointly promote the evolution of the population distribution of Xi'an.