Abstract: By the means of Theil Index to analysis and the ESDA methods to analysis the spatial differentiation of the urbanization of the Yangtze River Economic Belt measured by resident population and household registered population using the data of the Fifth Census Data and the Sixth Census Data, we found that: 1. The spatial distribution of the urbanization level of the Yangtze River Economic Belt has obvious characteristics of "circle ". There is little difference in the Yangtze River Delta City Group and the in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River City Group, and the Chengdu Chongqing city group, the Central Guizhou city circle and City circle in Central Yunnan shows a characteristic that the first city has a higher level of urbanization, and the difference among the internal cities is bigger. 2. Either measured by resident population or by household registered population, the difference of the urbanization of the Yangtze River Economic Belt becomes smaller from 2000 to 2010, but from the view of the difference among the city groups, the gap between groups measured by resident population is much bigger than that measured by household registered population, which shows a one-way east to west trend of population agglomeration. 3. From the view of the LISA graph, a High-High cluster type area of urbanization has formed in the east of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and a Low-Low cluster type area has formed in the west(southwest) of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, from 2000 to 2010, and the agglomeration degree in 2010 is higher than that in 2000.