邻近性对非洲国家科研论文合作网络结构的影响

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2023.05.2021298

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

非洲联盟成立后在诸多方面引领并切实推动了非洲科技一体化的进程，但对其科技合作成果至今尚无量化测评。基于2002至2019年WoS核心合集收录的54个非洲国家科研论文数据，借助社会网络分析、地理空间分析、负二项回归分析法，刻画非洲科研论文合作网络的拓扑结构和空间结构，探究邻近性对科研论文合作网络结构的影响，结果显示：①拓扑结构上，非洲各国科研合作论文产出数量差异巨大，合作网络有较高的凝聚性和较好的通达性，呈现出典型的小世界特征；②空间结构上，三大中心性指标空间差异明显，强度中心性表现出“一枝独秀”的空间格局，中间中心性呈连续块状分布，而度中心性分布则相对均匀；③负二项回归分析结果显示，国家间的科研势差构成了非洲各国科研论文合作网络的驱动力，经济势差、教育势差易于构成国家间科研合作壁垒。文化邻近性、社会邻近性替代了语言和地理空间的邻近，成为非洲国家寻求合作伙伴时考虑的重要因素。

关键词: 非洲, 科研论文合作网络, 结构异质性, 邻近性机制

Abstract:

Since the establishment of the African Union, it has led and promoted the integration process of science and technology effectively in Africa in many aspects. However, there are no quantitative measurements of the results of scientific and technological cooperation. With the assistance of social network analysis, geospatial analysis, and negative binomial regression analysis, the topological and spatial structures of African scientific research paper cooperation networks are carved based on a sample of 54 African countries' scientific research papers included in the WoS core collection from 2002 to 2019, while the influence of proximity on the structure of cooperation networks is explored. ①Topologically, the research cooperation thesis output varies widely among African countries. The cooperation is closer among countries, and the cooperation network has higher cohesiveness and better network accessibility, showing typical small-world characteristics.②In terms of spatial structure, the spatial differences of the three main centrality indicators are obvious, the spatial morphological characteristics are distinctive, while the strength centrality has a large spatial variation and shows the spatial pattern of "one and only", whereas, and nodal betweenness centrality is distributed in a continuous block, the spatial distribution of nodal degree centrality is relatively uniform. ③The negative binomial regression reveals that the research potential difference constitutes the driving force of the African scientific collaboration network, and the economic potential, and educational potential differences create barriers to research cooperation between countries. Cultural proximity and social proximity can significantly increase the probability of scientific research cooperation among African countries, while language proximity and geographical proximity are insignificant factors for African countries in seeking paper co-authors.

Key words: Africa, scientific collaboration network, structural heterogeneity, proximity mechanism

葛敏, 唐亦玲. 邻近性对非洲国家科研论文合作网络结构的影响[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(5): 46-55.

Min GE, Yiling TANG. The influence of proximity on the scientific collaboration network in African countries based on co-authored papers[J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(5): 46-55.

图/表 6

参考文献 29

1	张磊. 非洲联盟:以联合应对挑战. 和平与发展,2002(4):46-50.
	ZHANG L. African Union: Responding to meet challenges together. Peace and Development, 2002(4):46-50.
2	舒运国. 泛非主义与非洲一体化. 世界历史,2014(2):20-37.
	SU Y. Pan-Africanism and African Integration. World History, 2014(2):20-37.
3	孙冰,刘晨,田胜男. 社会网络视角下联盟成员合作关系对技术标准形成的影响. 科技进步与对策,2021,38(4):21-27.
	SUN B, LIU C, TIAN S. Research on the impact of the cooperative relationship among the alliance members on the formation of technical standard based on the perspective of social network. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2021, 38(4):21-27.
4	BOUABID H, PAUL-HUS A, LARIVIERE V. Scientific collaboration and high-technology exchanges among BRICS and G-7 countries. Scientometrics, 2016, 106(3):873-899.
5	唐福涛,王瑞文. 科技进步奖获奖项目完成机构的合作网络与合作模式. 科技管理研究,2020,40(14):261-268.
	TANG F, WANG R. Cooperation network and cooperation model of the award-winning institution of the science and technology progress award. Science and Technology Management Research, 2020, 40(14):261-268.
6	AMAN V. How collaboration impacts citation flows within the German science system. Scientometrics, 2016, 109(3):2195-2216.
7	许佳琪,梁滨,刘承良,等. 中美城际科技创新合作网络的空间演化. 世界地理研究,2019,28(4):12-23.
	XU J, LIANG B, LIU C, et al. Spatial evolution of Sino-US inter-city scientific and technological cooperation network. World Regional Studies, 2019, 28(4):12-23.
8	苗红,吕静,黄鲁成. 论文合著视角的两岸科技合作现状及演化分析. 情报杂志,2013,32(11):64-70.
	MIAO H, LV J, HUANG L. Status and evolution of cross-strait scientific and technical cooperation: An analysis from Co-author perspective. Journal of Intelligence, 2013, 32(11):64-70.
9	FINARDI U, BURATTI A. Scientific collaboration framework of BRICS countries: An analysis of international coauthorship. Scientometrics, 2016, 109(1):433-446.
10	刘雅琴,余谦. 新能源汽车专利合作网络的结构特征及演化分析. 北京理工大学学报(社会科学版),2019,21(6):31-40.
	LIU Y, YU Q. Structural characteristics and evolution analysis of new energy vehicle patent cooperation network. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology (Social Sciences Edition), 2019,21(6):31-40.
11	焦美琪,杜德斌,桂钦昌,等. 全球城市技术合作网络的拓扑结构特征与空间格局. 地理科学,2019,39(10):1546-1552.
	JIAO M, DU D, GUI Q, et al. The topology structure and spatial pattern of global city technical cooperation network. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019, 39(10):1546-1552.
12	方维慰. "一带一路"国家科技合作与协同创新的机制研究. 重庆社会科学,2020(12):45-58.
	FANG W. Research on mechanisms of scientific and technological cooperation and collaborative innovation among Belt and Road countries. Chongqing Social Sciences, 2020(12):45-58.
13	POND R, VAN O, FRENKEN K. The geographical and institutional proximity of research collaboration. Papers in Regional Science, 2007, 86(3):423-443.
14	ABRAMO G, ANGELO C, COSTA F, et al. The role of information asymmetry in the market for university–industry research collaboration. Journal of Technology Transfer, 2011, 36(1):84–100.
15	KATZ J, HICKS D. How much is a collaboration worth? A calibrated bibliometric model. Scientometrics, 1997, 40(3):541-554.
16	ANTONELLI C. Collective knowledge communication and innovation: The evidence of technological districts. Regional Studies, 2000, 34(6):535-547.
17	BOSCHMA R, LAMBOOY J. Evolutionary economics and economic geography. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1999, 9(4):411-429.
18	王贤文,丁堃,朱晓宇. 中国主要科研机构的科学合作网络分析——基于Web of Science的研究. 科学学研究,2010,28(12):1806-1812.
	WANG X, DING K, ZHU X. Science collaboration network of main research institutes in China—Study on Web of Science. Studies in Science of Science, 2010, 28(12):1806-1812.
19	FERNANDEZ A, FERRANDIZ E, LEON M. Proximity dimensions and scientific collaboration among academic institutions in Europe: The closer, the better? Scientometrics, 2016, 106(3):1073-1092.
20	LI P, BATHELT H, WANG J. Network dynamics and cluster evolution: Changing trajectories of the aluminium extrusion industry in Dali, China. Journal of Economic Geography, 2011, 12(1):127-155.
21	BOSCHMA R. Proximity and innovation:A critical assessment . Regional Studies, 2005, 39(1): 61-74.
22	LAGENDIJK A, Proximity LORENTZEN A., knowledge and innovation in peripheral regions. On the intersection between geographical and organizational proximity. European Planning Studies, 2007, 15(4):457-466.
23	于永达,闫盛枫. 邻近性与自主合作创新网络演进:以集成电路产业链为例. 科技进步与对策, 2017,34(14):66-76.
	YU Y, YAN S. Proximity and evolution of independent collaboration innovation network: Evidence form IC industry chain. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2017, 34(14):66-76.
24	杜德斌,段德忠. 科技合作重塑全球城市体系——全球知识与技术合作网络中的上海. 世界科学,2020(S1):37-40.
	DU D, DUAN D. Scientific and technological cooperation reshapes the global urban system -- Shanghai in the global knowledge and technology cooperation network. World Science, 2020(S1):37-40.
25	李恒,沈华伟,黄蔚,等. 地理社会网络数据可视化分析研究综述. 中文信息学报,2018,32(10):11-18.
	LI H, SHENG H, HUANG W, et al. Research overview of Geo-social Networks date visualization and analysis. Journal of Chinese Information Processing, 2018, 32(10):11-18.
26	刘承良,桂钦昌,段德忠,等. 全球科研论文合作网络的结构异质性及其邻近性机理. 地理学报,2017,72(4):737-752.
	LIU C, GUI Q, DUAN D, et al. Structural heterogeneity and proximity mechanism of global scientific collaboration network based on co-authored papers. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(4):737-752.
27	顾伟男,刘慧,王亮. "一带一路"沿线国家科研合作网络的多元结构及形成机制. 地理研究,2020,39(5):1070-1087.
	GU W, LIU H, WANG L. The multiple structure and formation mechanisms of the scientific collaboration network in the Belt and Road regions. Geographical Research, 2020, 39(5):1070-1087.
28	LEYDESDORFF L. On the normalization and visualization of author co-citation data: Salton's cosine versus the Jaccard index. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2008, 59(1): 77-85.
29	PLOTNIKOVA T, RAKE B. Collaboration in pharmaceutical research: Exploration of country- level determinants. Scientometrics, 2014, 98(2): 1173-1202.

变量	名称	变量描述	数据来源
被解释变量	论文合作	两国间合作发表论文的数量/篇	WoS
解释变量	科研邻近性	两国发表论文的数量势差/千篇	WoS
	经济邻近性	以各国人均GDP为标准测算两国经济势差	世界银行
	文化邻近性	两国宗教信仰，相同赋值为1，否则为0	《非洲的民族、宗教和语言》^*
	社会邻近性	计算两国杰卡德指数	—
	教育邻近性	根据各国大学赋值计算各国教育势差	泰晤士大学排名
	语言邻近性	两国官方语言，相同计为1，不同计0	《非洲的民族、宗教和语言》^*
	地理邻近性	两国首都之间距离/千公里	计算各国首都间球面距离

变量	名称	变量描述	数据来源
被解释变量	论文合作	两国间合作发表论文的数量/篇	WoS
解释变量	科研邻近性	两国发表论文的数量势差/千篇	WoS
	经济邻近性	以各国人均GDP为标准测算两国经济势差	世界银行
	文化邻近性	两国宗教信仰，相同赋值为1，否则为0	《非洲的民族、宗教和语言》^*
	社会邻近性	计算两国杰卡德指数	—
	教育邻近性	根据各国大学赋值计算各国教育势差	泰晤士大学排名
	语言邻近性	两国官方语言，相同计为1，不同计0	《非洲的民族、宗教和语言》^*
	地理邻近性	两国首都之间距离/千公里	计算各国首都间球面距离

网络结构参数数值		小世界性参数数值
节点数	54	平均路径长度	1.01
边数	1 211	最小距离	1
密度	0.423	最大距离	2
平均距离	1.145	局部网络聚类系数	1.131
凝聚力指数	0.459	传递性聚类系数	1.131

网络结构参数数值		小世界性参数数值
节点数	54	平均路径长度	1.01
边数	1 211	最小距离	1
密度	0.423	最大距离	2
平均距离	1.145	局部网络聚类系数	1.131
凝聚力指数	0.459	传递性聚类系数	1.131

国家	科研论文数量	国家	科研论文数量	国家	科研论文数量
南非	229 697	布基纳法索	5 525	几内亚	902
埃及	165 902	博茨瓦纳	4 914	安哥拉	841
尼日利亚	61 585	贝宁	4 364	中非	745
突尼斯	54 051	马达加斯加	3 945	布隆迪	673
阿尔及利亚	39 735	利比亚	3 900	几内亚比绍	654
摩洛哥	36 769	刚果金	3 841	塞舌尔	624
肯尼亚	32 586	莫桑比克	3 229	利比里亚	579
埃塞俄比亚	18 616	马里	2 963	莱索托	575
坦桑尼亚	15 579	尼日尔	2 825	毛里塔尼亚	534
加纳	14 455	纳米比亚	2 697	乍得	498
乌干达	14 284	加蓬	2 529	厄立特里亚	459
喀麦隆	13 395	冈比亚	2 496	索马里	308
津巴布韦	9 979	卢旺达	2 453	南苏丹	292
塞内加尔	7 773	毛里求斯	2 045	佛得角	267
苏丹	7 653	刚果布	2 029	吉布提	165
马拉维	6 782	多哥	1 492	科摩罗	109
科特迪瓦	6 561	塞拉利昂	1 253	赤道几内亚	109
赞比亚	5 865	斯威士兰	917	圣多美和普林西比	63