印度移民回流政策的发展及其驱动因素

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2024.02.20222123

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过比较印度1947年独立后的消极不干涉的“知识精英引入”策略与1998年后的积极笼络的“群体引入”策略，发现印度移民回流政策在其覆盖对象、手段、态度等方面发生了明显变化。在印度移民回流政策的发展变迁中，印度的移民回流政策覆盖对象由知识精英扩展至普通群体、政策手段由单一经济手段转向更加灵活多样的政策创新，政策态度由消极“吸纳”转为积极“笼络”。印度是以国家利益为出发点来制定其移民回流政策的。推动政策变迁的影响因素主要归结于国内经济社会环境的改善、印度领导人理念的改变、党派博弈过程中的冲突与妥协。

关键词: 印度移民回流政策, 海外印度人, 海外印度公民卡制度, 印度裔卡制度, 驱动因素

Abstract:

By comparing the passive non-interventionist 'intellectual elites introduction' policy in the post-independence period of 1947 with the positive enlisting 'group introduction' policy in the post-1998 period, the policy of return to India has changed considerably in terms of policy targets, policy instruments and policy attitudes. The policy has changed considerably. India's return migration policy has undergone significant changes in terms of targets, instruments, and attitudes toward overseas Indians. India's return migration policy has extended its coverage from intellectual elite to general groups, shifted from a single economic instrument to a more flexible and diverse policy innovation, and shifted its policy attitude from negative 'absorption' to positive 'enlisting'. India has developed its return migration policies in the national interest. The influences driving these policy changes are mainly attributed to improvements in the domestic economic and social environment, changes in the philosophy of India's leaders, and conflicts and compromises in the partisan game.

Key words: Indian migration return policy, overseas Indian, overseas citizen of India, person of Indian origin card scheme, driving factors, India

林海文, 刘宏松, 娄劲男. 印度移民回流政策的发展及其驱动因素[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(2): 64-78.

Haiwen LIN, Hongsong LIU, Jinnan LOU. The vicissitude of Indian migration return policy and its driving factors[J]. World Regional Studies, 2024, 33(2): 64-78.

图/表 3

表1 2021年海外印度人目的地分布及其人数（超过100万以上的国家）

Tab. 1 The number of overseas Indians destination distribution (countries with more than 1 million) in 2021

国家	美国	阿联酋	马来西亚	沙特	缅甸	英国	加拿大	斯里兰卡	南非	科威特
人数/万人	446	343	299	259	201	176	169	161	156	103

图1 2022年海外回流印度移民的国别比例数据来源：International Migration Organization， World Migration Report 2022， https：//worldmigrationreport.iom.int/wmr-2022-interactive/.

Fig.1 Percentage of immigrants returning to India from overseas countries in 2022

图2 2014年印度回流移民领域分布结果（抽样调查）数据来源：RRAYAN S， KURUSU V， SARAMMA P. Return of diasporas： India's growth story vs global crisis// RAJAN S. India Migration Report 2014： Diaspora and Development. London： Routledge， 2014.

Fig. 2 Distribution results of India’s return migrants in their respective fields （sample survey） in 2014

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