区域产业转型的内外创新资源整合模式及其成效——以江苏省先进制造业为例

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.06.20250475

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

创新资源的有效整合是推动产业转型升级的关键。已有研究多侧重于企业创新合作的价值，对现实中大量存在的独立创新者缺乏审视。独立创新是面临合作壁垒的不得已而为之，还是具备能力优势的主动选择？为回答这一问题，本研究以创新资源来源的多样性为切入点，综合企业边界和地方边界，提出四类内外资源整合模式，基于江苏省10 730家先进制造业企业的调查数据，采用聚类分析、倾向性得分匹配方法将企业归为四类模式并比较其差异，借助Heckman两阶段法、联立方程模型等，检验四类模式的创新成效。结果表明：①江苏先进制造业中有43%的企业表现出“独立创新者”特征。其中，有26%的企业具备跨地整合内部资源的能力；②跨地整合模式下的企业能力强于本地整合模式下的企业，更适用于解析型行业，更倾向于布局在边缘地区。独立创新者表现出提升企业在边缘地区创新能力的潜力；③跨地整合模式的创新成效显著优于本地整合模式，其中跨地独立模式与跨地合作模式之间无显著差异；④跨地独立、本地独立与创新成效之间具有显著的互促关系，即内部资源整合能力与创新成效提升之间相辅相成，相较之下，两类合作模式对创新成效的作用不显著。上述发现对重新理解独立创新者在区域产业转型升级中的作用具有重要启示。

关键词: 产业转型, 创新, 独立创新者, 倾向性得分匹配

Abstract:

Industrial transition and upgrading depend on the effective combination of innovation resources. Conventionally, attention has focused on innovation cooperation between firms, while the role of "independent innovators" has been somewhat overlooked. Does a firm become a independent innovator due to the difficulties in cooperating with others, or because of its strong capabilities to innovate independently? In response, this paper investigates this question from the perspective of the various sources of innovation resources. Through combining the boundaries of firms and locations, four types of resource integration have emerged. This paper uses the survey data of 10 730 advanced manufacturing firms in Jiangsu Province for empirical studies. It employs the hierarchical clustering and Propensity Score Matching approaches to categorize the firms into four groups and compare their differences. Then, it constructs a baseline model to examine the effects of different integration types. To address the likely simultaneity issue and sample selection bias issue, this paper uses the simultaneous equations and Heckman two-stage approaches to estimate the coefficients. The empirical results show that: ① 43% of the firms in Jiangsu's advanced manufacturing sectors represent the characteristics of "independent innovators". Among them, 26% have the ability to integrate internal resources across different locations. ② Firms adopting the trans-location integration strategy are more capable than firms adopting the local integration strategy. They tend to occur in analytical industries and the peripheral locations. The "lone innovators" exhibit the potential to enhance the innovation capabilities of the peripheral locations. ③ The trans-location integration strategies have better innovation performance than the local integration strategies. Furthermore, there is no significant difference in innovation performance between the trans-location integration of internal and external resources of firms. ④ There is a significant mutually reinforcing relationship between the integration of internal resources (both trans-location and local integrations) and innovation performance. That is, the ability to integrate internal resources of firms and the improvement of innovation performance are mutually reinforcing. In contrast, the effects of innovation cooperation on innovation performance are insignificant. Overall, the empirical findings shed light on understanding the role of "lone innovators" in regional industrial transition and upgrading.

Key words: industrial transition, innovation, independent innovator, Propensity Score Matching

刘晗玥, 许翌琛, 毛熙彦. 区域产业转型的内外创新资源整合模式及其成效——以江苏省先进制造业为例[J]. 世界地理研究, 2026, 35(6): 155-167.

Hanyue LIU, Yichen XU, Xiyan MAO. Patterns and performance of integrating internal and external innovation resources for regional industrial upgrading: Evidence from the advanced manufacturing firms in Jiangsu Province[J]. World Regional Studies, 2026, 35(6): 155-167.

图/表 9

表1 企业内外创新资源整合模式分类及其指征

Tab. 1 Patterns of firms’ combination of internal and external innovation resources

模式类型	模式内涵	指征变量
本地独立模式（LI）	依赖在地企业的内部资源	LI1：企业在本地设立的研发机构数
本地合作模式（LC）	倾向于与本地企业合作获取创新资源	LC1：企业与本地其他企业间技术合作的紧密程度
本地合作模式（LC）	倾向于与本地企业合作获取创新资源	LC2：企业与本地高校、机构等产学研的紧密程度
跨地独立模式（NI）	通过跨地组织整合企业内部资源	NI1：企业在江苏省内其他地区设立的研发机构数
		NI2：企业在国内其他省份设立的研发机构数
		NI3：企业在境外设立的研发机构数
跨地合作模式（NC）	倾向于与非本地企业合作获取创新资源	NC1：企业与省内其他地区企业间技术合作的紧密程度
		NC2：企业与省内其他地区高校、机构等产学研的紧密程度
		NC3：企业与省外其他地区企业间技术合作的紧密程度
		NC4：企业与省外其他地区高校、机构等产学研的紧密程度

表2 企业创新成效评价体系

Tab. 2 Index system for assessing the innovation performance of firms

评价维度	评价指标	权重
客观创新产出	企业拥有专利数量/件	1/6
	企业自主发明专利数量/件	1/6
	企业承担科技研究项目数量/项	1/6
主观成效判断	“客户对产品和技术非常满意”	1/24
	“公司的市场份额不断增加”	1/24
	“公司的利润率在上升”	1/24
	“通过产品创新，同类产品的制造成本降低”	1/24
	“通过产品创新，同类产品从设计到生产的时间缩短”	1/24
	“公司的产品创新整体非常成功”	1/24
	“公司可以轻松获得高学历人才”	1/24
	“公司拥有经验丰富的核心技术人才”	1/24
	“公司可以留住专业的技术人才”	1/24
	“公司可以从员工流动中获得技术互动和创新”	1/24
	“公司可以与上下游公司进行垂直合作以降低成本”	1/24
	“公司可以与供应链中的公司建立联系，共同进行技术与生产创新”	1/24

表3 影响创新成效的企业特征

Tab. 3 Firm characteristics affecting innovation performance

关键特征	变量	指标
企业能力	企业规模	企业当年员工数
	企业所有制	分类变量：国有企业、民营企业、合资企业、外资企业
	企业年龄	企业成立年数
	企业人力资本	企业劳动力平均教育水平
	企业营收能力	企业年利润总额
产业类型	知识需求	分类变量：解析型知识基础、合成型知识基础
区位条件	区位优势	分类变量：核心、次核心、边缘

图1 样本企业分组特征及其数量分布

Fig. 1 Results of hierarchical clustering and number of firms in each group

表4 不同分组的企业异质性

Tab. 4 Firm heterogeneity among the four groups of firms

关键特征	变量	本地独立	本地合作	跨地合作	跨地独立
企业能力	大企业占比/%	3.04	1.72	4.40	7.94
	平均企业年龄/年	12.10	11.62	12.60	12.61
	平均受教育水平	0.19	0.19	0.24	0.25
	平均年利润总额/千万元	2.00	1.09	2.73	5.62
产业类型	解析型行业企业占比/%	30.75	27.23	33.37	37.15
产业类型	合成型行业企业占比/%	69.25	72.77	66.63	62.85
区位条件	核心地区企业占比/%	34.00	35.40	24.69	32.49
	次核心地区企业占比/%	36.26	37.03	39.68	36.42
	边缘地区企业占比/%	29.74	27.57	35.63	31.09

图2 样本企业空间分布特征

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of firms in each group

表5 不同企业分组的创新成效比较

Tab. 5 Comparison of innovation performance between the four groups of firms

创新成效	处理组	对照组	处理组平均处理效应ATT	平均处理效应ATE
企业拥有专利数量	跨地独立	本地独立	13.98^***	6.86^***
		本地合作	11.63^***	6.80^***
		跨地合作	4.1	1.6
企业自主发明专利数量	跨地独立	本地独立	4.03^**	1.8^**
		本地合作	3.83^***	2.05^***
		跨地合作	0.9	0.43
企业承担科技研究项目数量	跨地独立	本地独立	1.35^***	0.87^***
		本地合作	1.19^***	0.81^***
		跨地合作	0.34	0.26
主观判断	跨地独立	本地独立	0.30^***	0.89^***
		本地合作	0.08^***	0.07^***
		跨地合作	-0.08^***	-0.08^***

表6 联立方程回归结果

Tab. 6 Results of the simultaneous equations

变量		[1] 基准回归	[2] 联立方程2SLS	[3] 联立方程3SLS
方程一：lnZ $i$	LI_i	0.158^***(0.020)	1.216^***(0.182)	1.216^***(0.182)
	LC_i	-0.013(0.012)	-0.443(0.450)	-0.443(0.450)
	NI_i	0.056^**(0.021)	1.077^**(0.407)	1.077^**(0.407)
	NC_i	0.098^***(0.014)	0.038 (0.413)	0.038 (0.413)
方程二：LI $i$	$l n Z i$		1.349^***(0.205)	1.283^***(0.205)
方程三：LC $i$	$l n Z i$		-0.068(0.135)	-0.060(0.135)
方程四：NI $i$	$l n Z i$		1.041^***(0.157)	1.002^***(0.157)
方程五：NC $i$	$l n Z i$		0.247^**(0.125)	0.245^**(0.125)
	控制变量	是	是	是
	样本量	10 730	10 730	10 730

表6 联立方程回归结果

Tab. 6 Results of the simultaneous equations

变量		[1] 基准回归	[2] 联立方程2SLS	[3] 联立方程3SLS
方程一：lnZ $i$	LI_i	0.158^***(0.020)	1.216^***(0.182)	1.216^***(0.182)
	LC_i	-0.013(0.012)	-0.443(0.450)	-0.443(0.450)
	NI_i	0.056^**(0.021)	1.077^**(0.407)	1.077^**(0.407)
	NC_i	0.098^***(0.014)	0.038 (0.413)	0.038 (0.413)
方程二：LI $i$	$l n Z i$		1.349^***(0.205)	1.283^***(0.205)
方程三：LC $i$	$l n Z i$		-0.068(0.135)	-0.060(0.135)
方程四：NI $i$	$l n Z i$		1.041^***(0.157)	1.002^***(0.157)
方程五：NC $i$	$l n Z i$		0.247^**(0.125)	0.245^**(0.125)
	控制变量	是	是	是
	样本量	10 730	10 730	10 730

表7 Heckman两阶段回归结果

Tab. 7 Results of the Heckman two-stage models

变量	[4] 是否选择跨地配置（是=1）	[5] 是否依赖内部资源（是=1）
LI_i		0.136^***(0.027)
NI_i	0.046^**(0.018)	0.053^**(0.020)
NC_i	0.007(0.024)
$λ i$	-2.999^***(0.159)	-1.090^***(0.129)
控制变量	是	是
样本量	6 466	7 991
R²	0.193	0.110

表7 Heckman两阶段回归结果

Tab. 7 Results of the Heckman two-stage models

变量	[4] 是否选择跨地配置（是=1）	[5] 是否依赖内部资源（是=1）
LI_i		0.136^***(0.027)
NI_i	0.046^**(0.018)	0.053^**(0.020)
NC_i	0.007(0.024)
$λ i$	-2.999^***(0.159)	-1.090^***(0.129)
控制变量	是	是
样本量	6 466	7 991
R²	0.193	0.110

参考文献 41

[1]	胡晓辉, 董柯. 可持续性转型研究动态与经济地理学展望. 地理研究, 2022, 41(1): 18-33.
	HU X, DONG K. A review on sustainability transitions and its research agendas in economic geography. Geographical Research, 2022, 41(1): 18-33.
[2]	CAINELLI G, DE MARCHI V, GRANDINETTI R. Does the development of environmental innovation require different resources? Evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 94: 211-220.
[3]	曹贤忠, 鲍涵, 陈波, 等. 创新网络合作机制及其区域发展效应. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(7): 150-159.
	CAO X, BAO H, CHEN B, et al. A review of the cooperation mechanism and regional development effect of innovation network. World Regional Studies, 2024, 33(7): 150-159.
[4]	CONTESSE M, DUNCAN J, LEGUN K, et al. Unravelling non-human agency in sustainability transitions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2021, 166: 120634.
[5]	KUMP B. Lewin's field theory as a lens for understanding incumbent actors' agency in sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 2023, 46: 100683.
[6]	刘斐然, 胡立君, 范小群. 产学研合作对企业创新质量的影响研究. 经济管理, 2020, 42(10): 120-136.
	LIU F, HU L, FAN X. Research on the influence of industry-university-research cooperation on enterprise innovation quality. Business and Management Journal, 2020, 42(10): 120-136.
[7]	郭远维, 支援. 企业异质性对低碳技术合作稳定性的影响研究. 资源与产业, 2024, 26(5): 145-153.
	GUO Y, ZHI Y. Impacts of enterprise heterogeneity on low carbon technical cooperation stability. Resources & Industries, 2024, 26(5): 145-153.
[8]	AUDRETSCH D B, BELITSKI M. The limits to collaboration across four of the most innovative UK industries. British Journal of Management, 2019, 31(4): 830-855.
[9]	AARSTAD J, KVITASTEIN O A, JAKOBSEN S-E. Local buzz, global pipelines, or simply too much buzz? A critical study. Geoforum, 2016, 75: 129-133.
[10]	胡杨, 李郇. 地理邻近对产学研合作创新的影响途径与作用机制. 经济地理, 2016, 36(6): 109-115.
	HU Y, LI X. Effect of geographical proximity on university-industry cooperative innovation and the mechanism. Economic Geography, 2016, 36(6): 109-115.
[11]	ALPAYDIN U A R, FITJAR R D. Proximity across the distant worlds of university-industry collaborations. Papers in Regional Science, 2021, 100(3): 689-711.
[12]	刘承良, 闫姗姗. 中国跨国城际技术通道的空间演化及其影响因素. 地理学报, 2022, 77(2): 331-352.
	LIU C, YAN S. Spatial evolution and determinants of transnational technology transfer network in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(2): 331-352.
[13]	贺灿飞, 任卓然. 地方嵌入对在华外资企业出口市场多元化的影响. 地理科学, 2021, 41(3): 369-379.
	HE C, REN Z. The impact of local embeddedness on the diversification of export market of foreign-invested enterprises in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2021, 41(3): 369-379.
[14]	NEFFKE F, HARTOG M, BOSCHMA R, et al. Agents of structural change: The role of firms and entrepreneurs in regional diversification. Economic Geography, 2018, 94(1): 23-48.
[15]	曹贤忠, 陈波, 马聪, 等. 上海产业联盟创新网络结构时空演化特征及创新效应研究. 地理研究, 2025, 44(5): 1300-1326.
	CAO X, CHEN B, MA C, et al. Spatio-temporal evolution and innovation effect of Shanghai Industry Alliance Innovation Network. Geographical Research, 2025, 44(5): 1300-1326.
[16]	ESPOSITO C R, RIGBY D L. Buzz and pipelines: The costs and benefits of local and nonlocal interaction. Journal of Economic Geography, 2019, 19(3): 753-773.
[17]	鲁嘉颐, 孙东琪. "本地和非本地"的北京企业联系: 时空格局与影响因素. 地理科学进展, 2022, 41(7): 1168-1183.
	LU J, SUN D. "Local and nonlocal" enterprise linkages of Beijing: Spatio-temporal patterns and influencing factors. Progress in Geography, 2022, 41(7): 1168-1183.
[18]	张虹鸥, 吴康敏, 王洋, 等. 粤港澳大湾区创新驱动发展的科学问题与重点研究方向. 经济地理, 2021, 41(10): 135-142.
	ZHANG H, WU K, WANG Y, et al. Scientific issues and key research directions of innovation-driven development in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Economic Geography, 2021, 41(10): 135-142.
[19]	TRIGO A, VENCE X. Scope and patterns of innovation cooperation in Spanish service enterprises. Research Policy, 2012, 41(3): 602-613.
[20]	ANZOLA-ROMÁN R, BAYONA-SÁEZ C, GARCÍA-MARCO T. Organizational innovation, internal R&D and externally sourced innovation practices: Effects on technological innovation outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 2018, 91: 233-247.
[21]	刘凤朝, 楠丁. 地理邻近对企业创新绩效的影响. 科学学研究, 2018, 36(9): 1708-1715.
	LIU F, NAN D. Effect of geographic proximity on firm innovation performance. Studies in Science of Science, 2018, 36(9): 1708-1715.
[22]	李辉, 吴晓云. 中国跨国公司海外市场进入战略选择与双元创新能力构建——基于数字型和关系型的双重视角. 企业经济, 2023, 42(5): 39-49.
	LI H, WU X. Overseas market entry strategic choices and construction of ambidexterity innovation capability of Chinese multinational cooperations. Enterprise Economy, 2023, 42(5): 39-49.
[23]	FERNANDEZ A-S, CHIAMBARETTO P, CHAUVET M, et al. Why do MNEs both make and coopete for innovation? Technovation, 2021, 106: 102313.
[24]	ASCANI A, BETTARELLI L, RESMINI L, et al. Global networks, local specialisation and regional patterns of innovation. Research Policy, 2020, 49(8): 104031.
[25]	KUNGL G. Incumbent firms in sustainability transitions – Different conceptions, heterogeneous roles and ideal types. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 2025, 57: 101010.
[26]	JULIAO-ROSSI J, FORERO-PINEDA C, LOSADA-OTALORA M, et al. Trajectories of innovation: A new approach to studying innovation performance. Journal of Business Research, 2020, 115: 322-333.
[27]	ZHAN J, ZHU J. The effects of state ownership on innovation: Evidence from the state-owned enterprises reform in China. Applied Economics, 2021, 53(1): 145-163.
[28]	PELLEGRINO G, PIVA M. Innovation, industry and firm age: Are there new knowledge production function? Eurasian Business Review, 2021, 10: 65-95.
[29]	GERHART B, FENG J. The resource-based view of the firm, human resources, and human capital: Progress and prospects. Journal of Management, 2021, 47(7): 1796-1819.
[30]	PLUM O, HASSINK R. Knowledge bases, innovativeness and competitiveness in creative industries: The case of Hamburg's video game developers. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 2014, 1(1): 248-268.
[31]	叶琴, 曾刚. 不同知识基础产业创新网络与创新绩效比较——以中国生物医药产业与节能环保产业为例. 地理科学, 2020, 40(8): 1235-1244.
	YE Q, ZENG G. The comparison of innovation networks and innovation performance between different knowledge-based industries: Taking China's biomedical industry and environmental industry as examples. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2020, 40(8): 1235-1244.
[32]	RANGA M. Smart specialization as a strategy to develop early-stage regional innovation systems. European Planning Studies, 2018, 26(11): 2125-2146.
[33]	GRILLITSCH M, HANSEN T. Green industry development in different types of regions. European Planning Studies, 2019, 27(11): 2163-2183.
[34]	武力超, 孙梦暄, 张晓东. 关系型贷款与企业创新问题的研究——基于Heckman两阶段选择模型的分析. 经济科学, 2015(1): 66-78.
	WU L, SUN M, ZHANG X. Relationship lending and enterprise innovation. Economic Science, 2015(1): 66-78.
[35]	MAO X, WANG P. Import-export nexus and China's emerging trade in environmental goods. Growth and Change, 2023, 54(1): 157-181.
[36]	张俊, 姜海宁. 合成型产业全球创新网络演化与邻近性机理——以节能环保产业为例. 地理研究, 2024, 43(2): 357-376.
	ZHANG J, JIANG H. Evolution of global innovation network and its proximity mechanism in synthetic industry: A case study of energy conservation and environmental protection industry. Geographical Research, 2024, 43(2): 357-376.
[37]	EDER J, TRIPPL M. Innovation in the periphery: Compensation and exploitation strategies. Growth and Change, 2019, 50: 1511-1531.
[38]	TRIPPL M, GRILLITSCH M, ISAKSEN A. Exogenous sources of regional industrial change: Attraction and absorption of non-local knowledge for new path development. Progress in Human Geography, 2018, 42(5): 687-705.
[39]	WANG W. The heterogeneity of agglomeration effect: Evidence from Chinese cities. Growth and Change, 2021, 52(1): 392-424.
[40]	EITAN A, HEKKERT M P. Locked in transition? Towards a conceptualization of path-dependence lock-ins in the renewable energy landscape. Energy Research and Social Science, 2023, 106: 103316.
[41]	AUDRETSCH D B, BELITSKI M. The role of R&D and knowledge spillovers in innovation and productivity. European Economic Review, 2020, 123: 103391.