中国城乡居民幸福感的差异及影响因素研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2021.01.2019690

世界地理研究 ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (1): 179-191.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2021.01.2019690

中国城乡居民幸福感的差异及影响因素研究

顾楚丹¹(), 王丰龙²^,³^,⁴(), 罗峰⁴^,⁵

^1.华东师范大学社会发展学院，上海 200062
^2.华南师范大学地理科学学院/行政区划与空间治理研究中心，广州 510631
^3.华东师范大学中国行政区划研究中心，上海 200062
^4.华东师范大学中国现代城市研究中心，上海 200062
^5.华东师范大学城市发展研究院，上海 200062

收稿日期:2019-12-22 修回日期:2020-01-30 出版日期:2021-01-09 发布日期:2021-04-09
通讯作者: 王丰龙
作者简介:顾楚丹（1991-），女，博士研究生，从事公共政策与城乡关系等研究，E-mail：vozeen77@163.com。
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41601144);2016年上海市社科规划课题(2016ESH001);上海市教育发展基金会和上海市教育委员会“晨光计划”(18CG28);2020年上海市软科学项目(20692108500);2020年上海高校智库内涵建设计划项目;中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助

Difference in and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents

Chudan GU¹(), Fenglong WANG²^,³^,⁴(), Feng LUO⁴^,⁵

^1.School of Social Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
^2.School of Geography & The Center of Administrative Division and Spatial Governance, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
^3.The Research Center for Chinese Administrative Divisions, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
^4.The Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
^5.Institute of Urban Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

Received:2019-12-22 Revised:2020-01-30 Online:2021-01-09 Published:2021-04-09
Contact: Fenglong WANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2010年上海世界博览会提出“城市让生活更美好”。然而，当前对城乡居民幸福感的实证研究得出了不同的结论。本研究认为，城市并不必然会带来更美好的生活，而是更好的城市让生活更幸福。为此，本研究运用多层次线性回归模型，基于2014年中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据对中国城乡居民的幸福感及其影响因素进行了分析。结果显示，中国城市居民的幸福感整体上高于乡村居民，这种差异主要源于城乡居民的生活水平、生活环境和生活节奏等方面的差异。因此，要实现“城市让生活更美好”的目标，需要在城市化的过程中不断提升城乡居民的获得感、推动城市住房政策改革、进一步加快城乡公共服务一体化进程、实现以家庭为单位的新型市民化模式以及推行更为健全的劳动政策。

关键词: 城市化, 生活水平, 生活环境, 日常活动, 幸福感, 多层次模型

Abstract:

In the Shanghai World Expo in 2010, it was proposed that "city makes life better". However, the empirical studies provide mixed and even dividing evidences. This paper argues that it is not city itself but better city that makes our lives more satisfied. Therefore, we investigate the patterns and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents based on the 2014 China Laborforce Dynamic Survey. It is shows that Chinese urbanites generally have higher level of life satisfaction than their rural counterparts. The results of multilevel regression model indicate that the urban-rural divide of life satisfaction in China mainly attributes to the differences in their living standards, residential environment and routine activities. Based on these findings, we suggest to improve the sense of gain for urban and rural residents, accelerate the integration of urban and rural public services, promote the reform of urban housing policies, explore the model of urbanization in the unit of family rather than individuals, and implement more sound labor policy in order to increase residents' life satisfaction in urban and rural China.

Key words: urbanization, living standard, living environment, daily activities, subjective well-being, multilevel modelling

顾楚丹, 王丰龙, 罗峰. 中国城乡居民幸福感的差异及影响因素研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2021, 30(1): 179-191.

Chudan GU, Fenglong WANG, Feng LUO. Difference in and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents[J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(1): 179-191.

图/表 3

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变量	分类	农村居民 mean/N sd/%		城市居民 mean/N sd/%
性别	男性	6417	48.48%	3768	47.02%
性别	女性	6819	51.52%	4246	52.98%
年龄	（岁）	45.33	14.75	42.40	13.75
婚姻状况	未婚/离异	2244	16.95%	1734	21.64%
婚姻状况	在婚	10992	83.05%	6280	78.36%
受教育程度	初中及以下	11014	83.21%	3582	44.70%
	高中	1650	12.47%	2195	27.39%
	大专及以上	572	4.32%	2237	27.91%
所在区域	东部	6852	51.77%	4103	51.20%
	中部	3372	25.48%	2259	28.19%
	西部	3012	22.76%	1652	20.61%

变量	分类	农村居民 mean/N sd/%		城市居民 mean/N sd/%
性别	男性	6417	48.48%	3768	47.02%
性别	女性	6819	51.52%	4246	52.98%
年龄	（岁）	45.33	14.75	42.40	13.75
婚姻状况	未婚/离异	2244	16.95%	1734	21.64%
婚姻状况	在婚	10992	83.05%	6280	78.36%
受教育程度	初中及以下	11014	83.21%	3582	44.70%
	高中	1650	12.47%	2195	27.39%
	大专及以上	572	4.32%	2237	27.91%
所在区域	东部	6852	51.77%	4103	51.20%
	中部	3372	25.48%	2259	28.19%
	西部	3012	22.76%	1652	20.61%

参数		城市居民 mean/N sd/%		农村居民 mean/N sd/%
	幸福感	3.73	0.90	3.61	0.92
生活水平	家庭收入/元（取对数）	10.79	1.48	10.03	1.66
	家中拥有汽车的比例	2,108	26.30%	1,791	13.53%
	住房产权类型：租户	1,653	20.63%	491	3.71%
	住房产权类型：拥有住房产权家庭	5,730	71.50%	12,074	91.22%
	住房产权类型：拥有准住房产权家庭	631	7.87%	671	5.07%
	住房平均面积/（m²/人）	23.96	29.86	33.77	41.30
	住房估计增值（元；取对数）	6.47	8.71	4.00	10.29
	拥有住房公积金的比例	1,624	20.26%	211	1.59%
	住房贷款占购房金额的比例	0.14	0.26	0.23	0.32
	家庭用于旅游休闲消费的比例	0.03	0.10	0.01	0.59
	感觉所处社会阶层	4.69	1.68	4.42	1.66
	预期未来会有社会阶层提升的比例	4,137	51.62%	7,298	55.14%
生活环境	感受到的社会公平程度	3.18	0.90	3.30	0.88
	可达性（合成指标）	3.60	0.72	2.72	1.16
	污染程度（合成指标）	1.05	0.56	0.68	0.65
	社区融合程度（因子得分）	-0.47	0.99	0.27	0.91
	社区安全程度	2.95	0.66	3.31	0.63
	社区设施的丰富程度	5.70	1.90	4.18	1.95
生活节奏	每周工作时间/小时	28.02	26.74	31.25	27.74
	每月工作时间/天	14.68	12.43	17.20	12.48
	每天通勤时间/分钟	20.57	33.50	17.54	29.62
	每天睡眠时间/小时	7.48	1.20	7.73	1.41
	每周工作日在外吃晚餐情况/次	2.68	1.65	2.39	1.83
	每周家人聚餐次数/次	1.51	1.62	1.44	1.71
	与配偶住在家里的比例	5,524	68.93%	9,381	70.87%

参数		城市居民 mean/N sd/%		农村居民 mean/N sd/%
	幸福感	3.73	0.90	3.61	0.92
生活水平	家庭收入/元（取对数）	10.79	1.48	10.03	1.66
	家中拥有汽车的比例	2,108	26.30%	1,791	13.53%
	住房产权类型：租户	1,653	20.63%	491	3.71%
	住房产权类型：拥有住房产权家庭	5,730	71.50%	12,074	91.22%
	住房产权类型：拥有准住房产权家庭	631	7.87%	671	5.07%
	住房平均面积/（m²/人）	23.96	29.86	33.77	41.30
	住房估计增值（元；取对数）	6.47	8.71	4.00	10.29
	拥有住房公积金的比例	1,624	20.26%	211	1.59%
	住房贷款占购房金额的比例	0.14	0.26	0.23	0.32
	家庭用于旅游休闲消费的比例	0.03	0.10	0.01	0.59
	感觉所处社会阶层	4.69	1.68	4.42	1.66
	预期未来会有社会阶层提升的比例	4,137	51.62%	7,298	55.14%
生活环境	感受到的社会公平程度	3.18	0.90	3.30	0.88
	可达性（合成指标）	3.60	0.72	2.72	1.16
	污染程度（合成指标）	1.05	0.56	0.68	0.65
	社区融合程度（因子得分）	-0.47	0.99	0.27	0.91
	社区安全程度	2.95	0.66	3.31	0.63
	社区设施的丰富程度	5.70	1.90	4.18	1.95
生活节奏	每周工作时间/小时	28.02	26.74	31.25	27.74
	每月工作时间/天	14.68	12.43	17.20	12.48
	每天通勤时间/分钟	20.57	33.50	17.54	29.62
	每天睡眠时间/小时	7.48	1.20	7.73	1.41
	每周工作日在外吃晚餐情况/次	2.68	1.65	2.39	1.83
	每周家人聚餐次数/次	1.51	1.62	1.44	1.71
	与配偶住在家里的比例	5,524	68.93%	9,381	70.87%

参数	自变量	城市系数 P值		农村系数 P值
生活水平	家庭收入/元(取对数）	0.028^***	0.00	0.033^***	0.00
	家中是否拥有汽车（是=1）	0.069^***	0.00	0.086^***	0.00
	住房产权(租房=0)
	完整产权所有者	0.122^***	0.00	0.094^**	0.02
	准产权所有者（单位共有产权或免费提供）	0.072^*	0.07	0.111^**	0.02
	住房平均面积/（m²/人）	0.000	0.17	0.000	0.64
	住房估计增值/元（取对数）	0.001	0.21	0.001^**	0.05
	拥有住房公积金的比例	0.048^*	0.07	0.079	0.17
	住房贷款占购房金额的比例	-0.038	0.30	-0.018	0.45
	家中是否雇佣保姆（是=1）	0.074	0.18	0.271^**	0.01
	家庭用于旅游休闲消费的比例	0.234^***	0.01	0.016	0.17
	感觉所处社会阶层	0.103^***	0.00	0.096^***	0.00
	是否预期未来社会阶层会提升（是=1）	0.062^***	0.00	0.017	0.26
生活环境	可达性（合成指标）	0.032^**	0.02	0.012^*	0.08
	污染程度（合成指标）	-0.040^**	0.02	-0.021^*	0.08
	社区融合程度（因子得分）	0.072^***	0.00	0.089^***	0.00
	社区安全程度	0.101^***	0.00	0.121^***	0.00
	社区设施的丰富程度	0.001	0.95	0.010^*	0.08
	社区类型（内城老旧社区=0）
	单位社区	-0.007	0.83
	商品房社区	-0.001	0.98
	其他社区	-0.059^*	0.06
	感受到的社会公平程度	0.220^***	0.00	0.274^***	0.00
	城区绿化覆盖率	0.001	0.59
	城市工业SO₂排放量/吨	-0.000	0.42
	所在城市人口密度/（人/km²）	-0.000	0.77	-0.000	0.40
	城市病床数/张	0.002^**	0.03	-0.000	0.27
	所在地级市城市化率	0.164^*	0.06	0.051	0.56
	所在县区2014年gdp/亿元（取对数）	-0.043	0.11	0.053^***	0.01
	所在地区是否有非农产业（是=1）			0.032	0.58
	所在区域（东部=0）
	中部	-0.093^*	0.05	0.019	0.65
	西部	-0.052	0.32	0.118^**	0.03
生活节奏	与配偶住在家里（是=0）	0.100^***	0.00	0.088^***	0.00
	工作时间/（小时/周）	-0.000	0.48	-0.000	0.78
	工作时间/（天/月）	-0.005^***	0.00	-0.001	0.40
	每天通勤时间/分钟	-0.000	0.60	0.000	0.79
	每天睡眠时间/小时	0.024^***	0.00	0.014^***	0.01
	每周工作日在外吃晚餐情况/次	-0.005	0.34	0.002	0.57
	每周家人聚餐次数/次	0.006	0.30	0.008^*	0.05
个体及家庭变量	女性（是=1）	0.075^***	0.00	0.061^***	0.00
	是否已婚（是=1）	0.098^***	0.01	0.015	0.59
	受教育程度（初中及以下=0）
	高中	-0.007	0.74	0.062^***	0.01
	大学及以上	0.023	0.41	0.090^**	0.02
	年龄	-0.034^***	0.00	-0.024^***	0.00
	年龄平方	0.000^***	0.00	0.000^***	0.00
	是否为党员（是=1）	0.045	0.11	0.056	0.11
	目前有无工作（有=1）	0.135^***	0.00	-0.018	0.46
	健康程度	0.132^***	0.00	0.131^***	0.00
	BMI/（kg/㎡）	0.001	0.80	0.003	0.13
	是否吸烟（是=1）	-0.042	0.11	-0.036^*	0.07
	是否喝酒（是=1）	0.060^**	0.02	0.024	0.24
	常数项	1.546^***	0	0.781^***	0
	N	7646		13236

中国城乡居民幸福感的差异及影响因素研究

Difference in and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents

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[6]	齐兰兰，周素红，，闫小培. 世界视野下的中国民众幸福感状况及其影响因素 [J]. 世界地理研究, 2013, 22(17): 140-150.