社区环境、育儿角色与安全感：北京育儿家庭的实证研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.03.20240507

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

营造一个对育儿友好的社区环境对于提升我国适龄人口的生育意愿具有重要意义。研究基于2021年北京社区安全感知调研数据，采用主成分分析和多元线性回归相结合的方法，系统解析社区环境与育儿角色对居民安全感的影响。结论如下：①社区环境中表征社区凝聚力、出入口管控力度和环境维护水平的主成分均对居民的安全感有显著正向影响，其中社区凝聚力对儿童活动安全感的影响最大，其次是环境维护水平，出入口管控水平的影响相对较小。②育儿人群在儿童活动和财产安全方面的安全感低于其他人群，夜间活动安全感和其他人群无显著差异。妈妈、奶奶/姥姥等女性育儿者，以及有0~4岁孩子的育儿人群安全感低于其他育儿人群。③育儿人群安全感知水平主要受社区凝聚力和环境维护水平的影响，但是社区环境主成分对育儿人群的儿童活动安全感的影响弱于非育儿人群。基于这些发现，建议强化社区凝聚力建设与环境维护，同时优化出入口管控机制和安全教育工作，以满足不同居民群体的需求。这些措施将有助于营造一个安全、包容的社区环境，以支持育儿家庭并助力我国人口的可持续发展。

关键词: 安全感, 社区环境, 育儿角色, 北京, 儿童地理

Abstract:

As the willingness to have children among the population of appropriate childbearing age declines in China, creating a child-friendly community environment has become increasingly important. Based on data from the 2021 Beijing Community Safety Perception Survey, this study employed principal component analysis and multiple linear regression to analyze the impact of community environment and parenting roles on residents' sense of safety. The findings are as follows: ① Three principal components of the community environment are extracted, reflecting community cohesion, entrance/exit control, and environmental maintenance. All three components positively influence residents' sense of safety, with community cohesion having the greatest impact on children's activity safety, followed by environmental maintenance, while entrance/exit control has a relatively smaller impact.② Parents report lower safety perceptions regarding children's activities and property security compared to other groups, with no significant difference in nighttime safety perceptions. Female caregivers, such as mothers and grandmothers, and those with children aged 0~4 report lower safety perceptions than other parenting groups.③ The sense of safety among parents is primarily influenced by community cohesion and environmental maintenance, but the impact of these community factors on children's activity safety is weaker for parents compared to non-parents. Based on these findings, it is recommended to strengthen community cohesion and environmental maintenance while optimizing entrance/exit management and safety education to meet the needs of different resident groups. These measures will help foster a safe and inclusive community environment, supporting parenting families and promoting sustainable population development.

Key words: sense of security, community environment, parenting roles, Beijing, children's geographies

谌丽, 党云晓, 尚佳雪, 何炬. 社区环境、育儿角色与安全感：北京育儿家庭的实证研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2026, 35(3): 150-165.

Li CHEN, Yunxiao DANG, Jiaxue SHANG, Ju HE. Community environment, parenting roles, and sense of security: An empirical study of parenting families in Beijing[J]. World Regional Studies, 2026, 35(3): 150-165.

图/表 9

参考文献 46

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社区	社区类型	所属区县	所属街道	建成年代	社区特点
国子监社区	胡同社区	东城区	安定门街道	1950前	胡同、平房
安慧里社区	老旧商品房社区	朝阳区	亚运村街道	1989年	中等收入、密度较高、设施完善
阳春光华小区	高档商品房社区	海淀区	海淀街道	1999年	中青年、高收入、中高学历
西里第二社区	老旧单位社区	丰台区	马家堡街道	1985年	社区内有一处拆迁区
西井社区	老旧单位社区	石景山区	苹果园街道	1980年	老龄化社区、老年福养老院
西苑挂甲屯社区	城乡结合社区	海淀区	青龙桥街道	1980年	城乡接合部
天通北苑第二社区	经济适用房社区	昌平区	天通苑北街道	2003年	高密度、外地人多
长阳半岛	商品房社区	房山区	长阳镇	2010年	学历高、女性多、孩子多

社区	社区类型	所属区县	所属街道	建成年代	社区特点
国子监社区	胡同社区	东城区	安定门街道	1950前	胡同、平房
安慧里社区	老旧商品房社区	朝阳区	亚运村街道	1989年	中等收入、密度较高、设施完善
阳春光华小区	高档商品房社区	海淀区	海淀街道	1999年	中青年、高收入、中高学历
西里第二社区	老旧单位社区	丰台区	马家堡街道	1985年	社区内有一处拆迁区
西井社区	老旧单位社区	石景山区	苹果园街道	1980年	老龄化社区、老年福养老院
西苑挂甲屯社区	城乡结合社区	海淀区	青龙桥街道	1980年	城乡接合部
天通北苑第二社区	经济适用房社区	昌平区	天通苑北街道	2003年	高密度、外地人多
长阳半岛	商品房社区	房山区	长阳镇	2010年	学历高、女性多、孩子多

属性	变量	人数/人	比例	属性	变量	人数/人	比例
育儿角色	爷爷	21	1.75%	年龄	＜20岁	36	3.00%
	奶奶	20	1.66%		20~29岁	276	22.93%
	外公	7	0.58%		30~39岁	407	33.83%
	外婆	14	1.16%		40~49岁	263	21.86%
	爸爸	162	13.47%		50~59岁	94	7.81%
	妈妈	224	18.62%		60~69岁	85	7.07%
	其他	10	0.84%		≥70岁	42	3.49%
子女数量和年龄	非育儿人群	745	61.93%	职业	单位职工	812	67.49%
	0~4岁	313	25.98%		灵活就业人员	173	14.38%
	5~9岁	470	39.08%		学生	22	1.83%
	10~14岁	229	19.00%		已退休	154	12.80%
	两孩及以上，含0~4岁	108	8.95%		待业	42	3.49%
	两孩及以上，其他	84	6.99%
子女性别	女孩	441	36.68%	收入	＜5万元	146	12.14%
	男孩	665	55.24%		5~9.9万元	319	26.52%
	男女都有	97	8.08%		10~19.9万元	398	33.08%
性别	男性	623	51.79%		20~29.9万元	229	19.04%
性别	女性	580	48.21%		≥30万元	111	9.23%

属性	变量	人数/人	比例	属性	变量	人数/人	比例
育儿角色	爷爷	21	1.75%	年龄	＜20岁	36	3.00%
	奶奶	20	1.66%		20~29岁	276	22.93%
	外公	7	0.58%		30~39岁	407	33.83%
	外婆	14	1.16%		40~49岁	263	21.86%
	爸爸	162	13.47%		50~59岁	94	7.81%
	妈妈	224	18.62%		60~69岁	85	7.07%
	其他	10	0.84%		≥70岁	42	3.49%
子女数量和年龄	非育儿人群	745	61.93%	职业	单位职工	812	67.49%
	0~4岁	313	25.98%		灵活就业人员	173	14.38%
	5~9岁	470	39.08%		学生	22	1.83%
	10~14岁	229	19.00%		已退休	154	12.80%
	两孩及以上，含0~4岁	108	8.95%		待业	42	3.49%
	两孩及以上，其他	84	6.99%
子女性别	女孩	441	36.68%	收入	＜5万元	146	12.14%
	男孩	665	55.24%		5~9.9万元	319	26.52%
	男女都有	97	8.08%		10~19.9万元	398	33.08%
性别	男性	623	51.79%		20~29.9万元	229	19.04%
性别	女性	580	48.21%		≥30万元	111	9.23%

分类	指标	指标解释	均值	标准差
社区建成环境	围墙设置	您所住小区是否设有围墙？	87.45	33.14
	大门门禁管理	您所住小区大门门禁系统的使用情况？	58.65	35.93
	单元门禁管理	您所住小区楼道单元门禁系统的使用情况？	66.25	31.16
	监控使用	您所住小区有无监控摄像头？	82.01	21.52
	照明维护	您所住小区公共照明设施是否明亮？	74.50	15.51
	人车分流	您所住小区是否人车分流？	24.69	43.14
社区社会环境	熟悉邻居	我认识社区里的许多邻居？	64.82	19.61
	与邻居交流	我几乎每周都与邻居聊天？	63.13	20.38
	参与社区活动	我经常参与社区组织的活动？	51.50	20.63
	社区解决问题	社区能帮助我解决问题？	66.57	18.45
	社区归属感	我在社区很有归属感？	69.56	16.93
	物业服务	我对物业服务很满意？	67.66	17.70