The coordination and cooperation mechanism in cross-border marine protected area governance: Practices in the Wadden Sea

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.06.20240103

Abstract

Abstract:

Marine protected areas based on marine ecosystems often cross administrative boundaries, which means they cannot rely solely on the efforts of a single country(region) and require regional coordination and cooperation. The coordination and cooperation mechanism is highly compatible with the governance of cross-border marine protected areas, and establishing a coordination and cooperation mechanism is an ideal choice to promote cross-border governance of marine protected areas. There are many coordination difficulties in cross-border marine protected areas at present, and it is necessary to construct a mutually dependent coordination and cooperation mechanism among governance entities, forming an effective operating system consisting of dynamic mechanisms, coordination mechanisms, and constraint mechanisms. The article introduced the experience of the Wadden Sea Conservation Area in coordinating and cooperating, and analyzed its specific strategies in cross-border coordination and cooperation in marine ecological governance. The Wadden Sea Area emphasizes trilateral coordination and cooperation among Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands, forming a coordinated cooperation model driven by the protection of marine ecosystems, coordinated by organizations such as the Wadden Sea Committee, and constrained by a series of political cooperation tools..The cooperation of the Wadden Sea Area has gone through long-term exploration and adaptation by stakeholders, and has found a feasible, replicable, and effective path. It has important reference value in the future with an increasing number of cross-border ocean governance scenarios.

Key words: cross border marine protected areas, cross border governance, coordination and cooperation mechanism, Wadden Sea Area

摘要：

基于海洋生态系统的海洋保护区通常是跨行政边界的，这一属性使其无法仅依靠单一国家（地区）的努力，还需要区域协调合作。协调合作机制与跨界海洋保护区治理高度契合，建立协调合作机制是推进海洋保护区跨界治理的有效途径。当前，跨界海洋保护区存在诸多协调困境，需要建构治理主体之间相互依存的协调合作框架，形成由动力机制、协调机制和约束机制共同发挥作用的有效运转体系。文章介绍了瓦登海保护区在跨界协调合作方面的经验，剖析了其在海洋生态治理跨界协调合作中的具体策略。瓦登海保护区在治理中强调丹麦、德国、荷兰三边协调合作，形成以保护海洋生态系统为动力机制、瓦登海委员会等组织为协调机制、系列政治合作工具为约束机制的协调合作模式。瓦登海保护区的合作经过利益相关方长期的探索和磨合，走出了一条可操作、可复制的有效路径，在跨界海洋治理场景日益增多的未来，具有一定的参考价值。

关键词: 跨界海洋保护区, 跨界治理, 协调机制, 瓦登海保护区

Ping ZHANG, Fang YE. The coordination and cooperation mechanism in cross-border marine protected area governance: Practices in the Wadden Sea[J]. World Regional Studies, 2025, 34(6): 70-82.

张平, 叶芳. 跨界海洋保护区治理中的协调合作机制：瓦登海的实践[J]. 世界地理研究, 2025, 34(6): 70-82.

Figures/Tables 4

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名称	协调合作进程	协调合作模式
红海海洋和平公园（Red Sea Marine Peace Park）	以色列和约旦两国政府于1994年正式签署了两国关系正常化和平条约	建立约旦和以色列联合管理机构
海龟群岛遗产保护区（Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary）	马来西亚和菲律宾于1996年签署了协议备忘录；与世界自然基金会就苏鲁-苏拉威西海计划开展合作	两国代表组成的联合管理委员会和一个合作管理框架
瓦登海保护区（The Wadden Sea Protection Area）	1982年，德国、荷兰和丹麦共同签署了《关于保护瓦登海联合宣言》；2002年设立了瓦登海论坛；2010年签署了《三边瓦登海计划》	建立了两个决策部门：三边瓦登海政府议会和瓦登海委员会，设立了共同瓦登海秘书处
地中海海洋哺乳动物的佩拉戈斯保护区（The Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean marine mammals）	1993年，法国、意大利和摩纳哥三国政府在布鲁塞尔签署了关于建立地中海海洋哺乳动物保护区的联合声明；1999年，以上三国在罗马签署了多边协定《佩拉戈斯协定》，该协定于2002年生效；2001年，根据《巴塞罗那公约》，佩拉戈斯保护区被列为特别保护区（SPAMI）	设立了科学技术委员会、秘书处和工作组
北美海洋保护区（The North American Marine Protected Areas Network）	1999年，在环境合作委员会（CEC）的支持下由加拿大、墨西哥和美国的资源机构、海洋保护地（MPA）管理机构、从业者和其他相关专家组成了国际合作网络；2004年1月，美国国家海洋与大气管理局（NOAA）指定国家海洋保护区中心帮助北美海洋保护区开展有关工作	设立理事会和秘书处

名称	协调合作进程	协调合作模式
红海海洋和平公园（Red Sea Marine Peace Park）	以色列和约旦两国政府于1994年正式签署了两国关系正常化和平条约	建立约旦和以色列联合管理机构
海龟群岛遗产保护区（Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary）	马来西亚和菲律宾于1996年签署了协议备忘录；与世界自然基金会就苏鲁-苏拉威西海计划开展合作	两国代表组成的联合管理委员会和一个合作管理框架
瓦登海保护区（The Wadden Sea Protection Area）	1982年，德国、荷兰和丹麦共同签署了《关于保护瓦登海联合宣言》；2002年设立了瓦登海论坛；2010年签署了《三边瓦登海计划》	建立了两个决策部门：三边瓦登海政府议会和瓦登海委员会，设立了共同瓦登海秘书处
地中海海洋哺乳动物的佩拉戈斯保护区（The Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean marine mammals）	1993年，法国、意大利和摩纳哥三国政府在布鲁塞尔签署了关于建立地中海海洋哺乳动物保护区的联合声明；1999年，以上三国在罗马签署了多边协定《佩拉戈斯协定》，该协定于2002年生效；2001年，根据《巴塞罗那公约》，佩拉戈斯保护区被列为特别保护区（SPAMI）	设立了科学技术委员会、秘书处和工作组
北美海洋保护区（The North American Marine Protected Areas Network）	1999年，在环境合作委员会（CEC）的支持下由加拿大、墨西哥和美国的资源机构、海洋保护地（MPA）管理机构、从业者和其他相关专家组成了国际合作网络；2004年1月，美国国家海洋与大气管理局（NOAA）指定国家海洋保护区中心帮助北美海洋保护区开展有关工作	设立理事会和秘书处