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主管单位:中国科学技术协会
主办单位:中国地理学会
承办单位:华东师范大学

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    15 September 2026, Volume 35 Issue 9 Previous Issue   

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    Political space, institutional authority and the evolution of the Arctic Council's effectiveness
    Limin DONG, Xinyi ZHU
    2026, 35(9): 1-16.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20250478
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    Political space and authority construction are key dimensions in analysing fluctuations in the effectiveness of international regimes. Global power structure and the nature of governance issues jointly shape the external political space of the international regime. Coercive force and legitimacy are the core endogenous variables in the construction of regime authority. Based on a diachronic review and analtsis the effectiveness of the Arctic Council has undergone three phases: institutional inception, development and consolidation, and turbulence and adjustment. The establishment of the Arctic Council was facilitated by a shift in the international power landscape, the relaxation of regional rivalries, and the emergence of new cooperative norms. By leveraging a relatively stable political space, the Council has enhanced its legitimacy and coercive capacity, thereby consolidating its institutional authority and gradually establishing itself as the most influential international institution in the Arctic region. With the escalation of confrontation between the US-led West and Russia preventing it from fully playing its roles as a multilateral governance platform and severely restricted its effectiveness. In the short term, the Arctic Council continues to face difficulties in enhancing its effectiveness. Key underlying causes include the distortion of the external political space necessary for the regime's operation, new challenges arising from the growing complexity and diversification of regional governance issues, a decline of acceptance and compliance of Arctic states, and the inherent limitations of the Council.

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    Frontier progress and implications in international territorial spatial planning
    Yonghuan MA, Di WU, Yishuang HOU, Jiaxuan LI, Hanbo LEI
    2026, 35(9): 17-30.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20250624
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    Territorial spatial planning serves as the foundation for land development, utilization, remediation, and restoration, and provides the fundamental basis for economic and social development as well as ecological conservation. Developed countries have established unified territorial spatial planning systems. These systems combine rigid legal constraints with flexible implementation guidance, forming a graded evolutionary framework characterized by "tackling immediate challenges in the near term, facilitating transformation in the medium term, and providing long-term guidance for the future".To actively respond to many issues, such as the contradiction between development and protection, climate change, and uncertainties in territorial spatial restructuring, territorial spatial planning in developed countries has shown new changes: planning objectives highlight the principal position of the people value, forming a new governance framework that integrates efficiency, equity, and quality; the objects of planning are gradually expanding from traditional land resource development to multi-dimensional spaces such as brownfield remediation and redevelopment, underground space, marine space, and low-altitude airspace; and planning benefits are shifting from scale expansion to quality improvement, from incremental balance to stock value appreciation, and from factor guarantee to value creation. China should draw on the experience of developed countries, adapt to the contemporary transformation of global territorial spatial governance, and formulate a new plan for China's territorial spatial governance; expand the field of territorial spatial planning and build a multi-dimensional territorial spatial planning system; accelerate the legislative process for territorial spatial planning and complete legal system for territorial spatial governance; and improve policies for the development and utilization of territorial space to promote smart territorial spatial governance.

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    Attitude differences of regional third countries in major infrastructure cooperation: A case study of BRI infrastructure projects
    Chenyao LI, Zheyuan DU
    2026, 35(9): 31-47.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20250146
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    In international relations, major infrastructure cooperation between initiating and recipient countries often attracts significant attention from regional third countries, which exhibit markedly different attitudes. Grounded in the interaction between elites and the public, this study categorizes third countries' responses into four types: optimistic support, strong concern, wait-and-see, and indifference. The article further distinguishes between elite-driven and public-driven states in attitude formation, deducing dynamic transition pathways across these types. Case studies of Russia (China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway), India (Gwadar Port), Thailand (China-Laos Economic Corridor), Egypt (Port of Piraeus), and Tanzania (Mombasa-Nairobi Railway) reveal that the evolution of third countries' attitudes is influenced not only by geopolitical and economic structures but, more profoundly, by their domestic politics. Accordingly, China should tailor its public diplomacy strategy to specific contexts, thereby mitigating unnecessary suspicions, enhancing mutual understanding among peoples, and reducing resistance to infrastructure cooperation.

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    The impact of normalized operation of the Arctic Northeast Passage on the evolution of the spatial pattern of China's international maritime network
    Yongyan LI, Maixiu HU
    2026, 35(9): 48-62.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20250054
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    The extended navigable window of the Arctic Northeast Passage brought about by global warming provides a realistic possibility for its normalized operation. This paper utilized a social network analysis method to construct China's international maritime network based on the schedule data of the world's top eight liner companies, weighted by the navigation frequency and set up three normalized scenarios in combination with the current situation of cross-border transport of the Northeast Passage, to explore the evolution trends of the spatial pattern of China's international maritime network. The results show that: ① With the extended navigable period of the Northeast Passage, the network scale expands and connectivity strengthens, and the small-world characteristics become more significant, but the uneven development of ports also aggravates the network heterogeneity. ② As for the evolution of port status, the distribution of hub ports remains relatively stable, with only minor adjustments in order. When the Northeast Passage achieves normalized operation in summer, Shanghai port surpasses Singapore port and becomes the new network core. The shipping center gradually shifts northward, with ports north of Shanghai port significantly enhancing their central positions, among which Dalian port increases the most. Besides, the radiation scope of the northern core port group gradually expands, which strengthens the interconnection with European ports. ③ The China-Europe maritime pattern is reshaped. The transshipment roles of Southeast Asian ports on the traditional routes and Algeciras in Europe are gradually weakened, while ports such as Yokohama in northeast Asia and Hamburg in northwest Europe will emerge as new transshipment hub ports.

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    Can the joint construction of the "Digital Silk Road" counterbalance the impact of IPEF?——The prediction from China's perspective
    Liang ZHAO, Yuanyuan WU, Qianfei YUE
    2026, 35(9): 63-77.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20250502
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    Faced with the impact of IPEF's regulation, containment and decoupling, will China's push to jointly build a "Digital Silk Road" serve as a counterbalance? The thesis, using dynamic GTAP and CGE models, firstly simulates the impact results achieved by IPEF, and finds that the negative impact on China's overall development is significant, but it may also hurt itself to induce negative-sum game with China. Then, the thesis simulates the effect of China's co-construction policies in terms of special capital investment, professional personnel training, logistics efficiency improvement and technical barrier reduction, and finds that the implementation of co-construction policies, whether single, superimposed or heterogeneous, can play a hedging role with different strengths and effects on the whole. These co-construction measures help China's economic capital,living welfare, foreign trade an industrial production capacity "turn for the better", and the superposition of co-construction policies and heterogeneous implementation will further enhance the hedging effect. Meanwhile, the externalities induced by the "Digital Silk Road" co-construction policy will also produce some shackles on the development of IPEF, but the co-construction will benefit the countries along the line as a whole, and will achieve win-win development with China. China should use the "Digital Silk Road" to achieve better hedging, not only for the IPEF's "rules-led", "decoupling and chain breaking" targeted policies, but also pay attention to the key breakthrough of the co-construction policy, multiple measures and heterogeneous differentiated implementation.

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    Australia's agricultural carbon credit mechanisms and their implications for China's agricultural carbon neutrality
    Meiping LI, Jian ZUO, Xianjin HUANG
    2026, 35(9): 78-90.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20250574
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    As a major agricultural country,Australia has pioneered the establishment of a flexible market mechanism through its Australian Carbon Credit Unit (ACCU) scheme to promote agricultural carbon emission reduction and carbon sequestration projects. Through literature review and data analysis, this study systematically examines the policy and regulatory framework, market trading mechanisms, project types, and emission reduction outcomes of Australia's agricultural carbon projects, while conducting a comparative analysis of the current status and gaps in agricultural carbon sequestration between China and Australia.The results indicate that since the implementation of agricultural carbon projects in 2012, Australia had operationalized 787 agricultural carbon projects by the end of 2024, cumulatively issuing 2.56 million ACCUs. Notably, soil carbon sequestration projects accounted for 98.6% of all agricultural carbon projects. Moving forward, China should enhance its policy and regulatory framework for agricultural carbon sequestration, improve market trading mechanisms, advance methodological research and standardization, and strengthen the cultivation of market participants. Furthermore, integrating carbon sequestration value into natural resource pricing and valuation systems will be crucial to achieving its carbon peak and neutrality goals.

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    Technological geopolitics: The US digital infrastructure deployment in Southeast Asia and its impact on China
    Qi ZHAO
    2026, 35(9): 91-102.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20250432
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    With the iterative advancement of digital technology, digital infrastructure has become a core arena of great power competition. Southeast Asia, due to its geopolitical hub status at the "crossroads of the Indo-Pacific" and its digital market potential, has become a key frontier for US digital geopolitical practices. The US digital infrastructure deployment in Southeast Asia follows the fundamental logic of "network control, computing power monopoly, and algorithmic penetration" and is essentially a digital geopolitical tool serving the "Indo-Pacific Strategy". Based on three-dimensional analysis of"technology, norms, and geopolitics",this paper reveals that the US digital infrastructure deployment in Southeast Asia aims to integrate Southeast Asia into a US-dominated digital ecosystem through technological integration and rule export, thereby offsetting China's digital influence. In practice, the US primarily seeks to seize regional digital infrastructure leadership through institutionalizing digital infrastructure cooperation, leveraging the initiative of digital enterprises, and building an alliance that excludes China digital infrastructure alliance. While the US digital infrastructure deployment in Southeast Asia faces numerous limitations, China still needs to break through US digital geopolitical containment by promoting the concept of technological inclusion, strengthening regional digital governance coordination, and enhancing the alignment of digital trade rules.

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    The allometric relationship between economic development and tourism scale in the Southwestern China and its driving mechanism
    Ying PAN, Tao WANG, Cansong LI, Li WU, Xurui GE, Yusi LIU
    2026, 35(9): 103-118.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20241113
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    A deep understanding of the relationship between economic development and tourism scale is conducive to promoting regional coordination and achieving sustainable development of the economy and tourism. Based on the tourism dependence hypothesis as the theoretical foundation, this paper starts from the perspective of allometric growth relationship, constructs an allometric growth relationship model of economic-tourism scale in the southwest China from 2010 to 2022, explores the temporal and spatial changes process of its allometric growth, and uses the optimal parameter geodetector to detect the driving factors. The results show: ① The economic development and tourism scale in the southwest region show an unbalanced distribution pattern. The regional economic development is unbalanced, but the overall level is higher than the tourism scale. The tourism scale shows a spatial pattern of "high in the southeast - low in the northwest". ② On the longitudinal allometric relationship, in the southwest region, the economic-tourism scale shows a change process from strong economic expansion type to basic economic-tourism coordination type to weak regional economic expansion type; on the horizontal allometric grades, it is mainly characterized by the transformation from positive allometric growth to negative allometric growth, and the spatial evolution differences of the horizontal allometric growth grades are significant, indicating that the tourism development speed in the study area gradually slows down compared to the economic growth speed. ③ The allometric relationship between the economy and tourism scale in the southwest region is the result of the interaction of multiple factors such as tourism consumption level, commercial activity atmosphere, tourism facility supply degree, cultural supply level, degree of opening up, economic density and industrialization level. Examining the development of the economy and tourism in the southwest region from the allometric perspective helps to deeply explore its internal logic and development differences.

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    Spatio-temporal evolution and influencing factors of shadow education institutions in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration
    Xuexiao CHENG, Zhanfu LUO, Xiaoyin LIN, Hanchi ZHANG, Xiaoli SHAO
    2026, 35(9): 119-134.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20250170
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    With the global expansion of shadow education, its development exhibits significant spatiotemporal disparities. Based on POI data of shadow education institutions in the region, this study integrates spatial analysis, regression modeling, geographical detectors, and automated machine learning to investigate the evolutionary patterns and driving factors of these institutions from both macro- and micro-level perspectives. The findings reveal that: ① From 2000 to 2020, shadow education institutions experienced rapid growth; however, following the implementation of the "Double Reduction" policy in 2021, growth rates declined sharply and institutional exit rates increased steadily. ② Spatially, the distribution pattern evolved from a "core-periphery" structure to a "point-axis" belt-like configuration, forming four major development corridors. While institutions remain concentrated in core cities, they are steadily diffusing into surrounding smaller cities, indicating a clear trend of spatial spillover. ③ Different types of institutions demonstrate distinct spatial heterogeneity and divergent evolutionary trajectories. ④ At the macro scale, regional economic development is the primary determinant of distributional differences, whereas at the micro scale, the interaction between residential density and school resources serves as the dominant driver. The multi-method approach employed in this study enhances the robustness of mechanism identification. Overall, the research uncovers the dynamic spatial restructuring of shadow education under policy intervention, offering theoretical support and practical guidance for evaluating the impacts of the "Double Reduction" policy and for advancing regional education governance.

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    Accessibility to medical treatment and supply-demand balance for low-income populations: A case study of Haikou City
    Fengmei XIA, Lei YUAN, Junsan ZHAO
    2026, 35(9): 135-148.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20250267
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    The rationality of the distribution of public medical resources is related to residents' health and social equity. It is of great significance to study the accessibility of medical treatment and the matching relationship between the supply and demand of low-income populations to protect the basic health rights and interests of low-income populations and promote social stability and development. The study evaluates the accessibility of medical treatment for low-income populations in the central urban area of Haikou City based on the improved Gaussian Step Floating Catchment Area Method and explores the spatial clustering characteristics of accessibility using spatial autocorrelation. On this basis, a supply-demand balance analysis method is used to measure the matching relationship between low-income populations and healthcare resources. Research findings ①There are significant differences in the accessibility of medical services based on different modes of transport. Walking has lower accessibility to medical services, the accessibility of public transportation and cycling for medical treatment is significantly improved, and both show significant spatial agglomeration characteristics; ②The matching degree of supply and demand between medical institutions and low-income populations mainly shows characteristics of high accessibility and low population density, presenting two states overall: supply exceeds demand and supply-demand balance; ③From the perspective of accessibility to healthcare and the results of supply and demand matching, considering the actual travel usage ratio can better balance the medical needs of different modes of transport, providing a more comprehensive and objective guiding significance for the construction of medical institutions.

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    Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of new quality productivity development in China
    Xiangjie CAI, Zhengchu HE
    2026, 35(9): 149-160.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20241065
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    This paper constructs an evaluation index system for new quality productivity along three dimensions: quantity accumulation, quality improvement, and new expansion. Using panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2012 to 2022, it measures the development level of new quality productivity and examines its spatiotemporal evolution, distribution dynamics, regional disparities, and influencing factors. The results show that: ① China's new quality productivity has been steadily improving, presenting a stepped distribution horizontally and a wavy distribution vertically, with its growth rate ranking Central > Eastern > Western > Northeastern China. ② New quality productivity exhibits significant positive spatial correlation, and its spatial agglomeration pattern remains relatively stable. ③ It displays pronounced spatial disparities, with its distribution evolving from a single-peak pattern with large amplitude toward a more balanced configuration. ④ The overall disparity in new quality productivity is widening; at the intra-regional level, the eastern region records the largest gap while the northeastern region the smallest. Inter-regional disparity is the main source of China's overall disparity in new quality productivity. ⑤ Consumption capacity, government intervention, financial development, marketization degree, and higher education promote the development of new quality productivity, among which consumption capacity and marketization degree exert positive spatial spillover effects.

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    Study on the Hong Kong elderly's willingness of cross-border elderly care in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area
    Yiwen ZHU, Xiang YAN, Zixuan HAN, Shenjing HE
    2026, 35(9): 161-177.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20241041
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    Hong Kong has entered the "super-aged society". Cross-border elderly care cooperation in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) will not only reduce the burden of elderly care in Hong Kong, but also promote the development of "silver economy" in mainland China. However, systematic research on the willingness of the Hong Kong elderly for cross-border elderly care and its influencing factors remains scarce. Based on a large-scale questionnaire survey, this paper employed discriminant analysis to predict the willingness of cross-border elderly care of the Hong Kong elderly with different socio-demographic characteristics, aiming to provide practical guidance for future research and policy formulation. The findings are as follows: ① Among 1131 Hong Kong old people, 46.32% preferred Hong Kong for elderly care, 43.42% preferred mainland China for elderly care, and 10.34% preferred both places for elderly care. ② The Hong Kong elderly who stayed in mainland China for a longer time, had a stronger social network in mainland China, and had higher proficiency in Mandarin preferred elderly care in mainland China, while those with higher education level preferred elderly care in Hong Kong. Meanwhile, birthplace, marital status and economic level were also important discriminating factors that affected their willingness of cross-border elderly care; ③ The overall discrimination accuracy of the model was 79.6%, the correct discrimination rates of the "elderly care in Hong Kong" group, the "elderly care in mainland China" group, and the "elderly care in both Hong Kong and mainland China" group were 87.2%, 84.3%, and 25.6% respectively. Based on the status quo of cross-border elderly care and the results above, three potential suggestions are put forward to promote the development of cross-border elderly care in the GBA, including promoting the standardization of cross-border elderly care services and mutual recognition of professional qualifications, enhancing cross-border healthcare information docking, and formulating differentiated policies and measures for specific elderly care groups.

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    Population growth and agglomeration in Macao since its return to the Motherland
    Shu SUN, Wei QI, Gang CHEN
    2026, 35(9): 178-191.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20240992
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    This study analyzes the population growth, spatial distribution characteristics, and influencing factors of Macao since its return to China, based on census data from 2001 to 2021 and utilizing population density models and spatial analysis methods. The findings reveal that:① Macao's population has continuously increased over the past two decades, with an average annual growth rate of 2.29%, primarily driven by the influx of non-local residents, which has also contributed to greater population diversity; ②In terms of spatial distribution, the population has expanded southward, with newly developed areas in the southern region gradually absorbing the population pressure from the Macao Peninsula, forming a "southward expansion with northern

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    The integration of Hengqin and Macao from the bordering perspective: Interactive effects between bordering mechanisms and nested enclaves, and residents' agency
    Zekun ZHOU, Shenjing HE
    2026, 35(9): 192-206.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.09.20241044
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    Since the establishment of the Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin, its border mechanisms and development strategies have been constantly adjusted, but progress in the integration of residents has been limited.Drawing on the evolution of the concept of bordering this study explores the dual effects of bordering - restrictive mechanisms and connectivity engines - that arise from the practices of debordering and rebordering in relation to the signature economic policy of "release the first tier, manage the second tier" and the key social-public project "Macao New Neighborhood". Utilizing interviews with government-related personnel and university students from Macao, various planning documents, and news media reports, this study examines the different strategies adopted by the top?down planning approach in the two dimensions of economic development and social connectivity, and how these strategies interact with border policies and nested enclaves, thereby intensifying the restrictiveness of the border between Zhuhai and Hengqin and hindering the formation of connectivity between Macao and Hengqin. At the same time, the upcoming institutional and infrastructural deployments also create favorable conditions for the future enhancement of residents' agency. This study discusses the potential impact of nested residential enclaves on the process of debordering at the theoretical level, suggesting that attention should be paid to the policy coordination and environmental consistency within nested residential enclaves to enhance residents' willingness to settle there and assist in the debordering process. At the empirical level, this study suggests creating a "diversified" Macao in Hengqin, combining Hengqin's existing built environment to attract Macao residents with different lifestyle preferences.

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