The participation and influence of indigenous organizations in Arctic affairs from the perspective of critical political geography:A case of Inuit Circumpolar Council

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2021.01.2019460

Abstract

Abstract:

From autonomous non-government organization to power groups in Arctic affairs, indigenous organizations have become an important player.The unique thinking and practice of the indigenous organizations are worth discussing.Critical political geography provides a theoretical tool for indigenous organizations to show how participate in and influence arctic governance. 1) Indigenous organizations obtains the power arctic affair completes by the knowledge production carried with text; 2) Indigenous organizations are involved of institutional participation in arctic affairs on different scales.What's more, indigenous organizations have reshaped the Arctic governance concept;identity and geographic space by adopting targeted action strategies ,and promoting the development of the arctic region to a place of good governance .On the basis of respecting the traditional knowledge of indigenous people, China needs to establish an institutional communication mechanism and expand the cooperation space of indigenous organizations.Key words: critical political geography; Arctic affairs; Inuit Circumpolar Council; indigenous organizations

摘要：

从自发组建的非政府组织到北极事务中颇具影响力的权力组织，原住民组织已经成长为北极事务中不可忽视的利益攸关方。在获取北极事务参与权及实施行动决策中，北极原住民组织展现了独特的思考和实践。基于批判地缘政治学的理论视角观察因纽特环北极理事会为代表的原住民组织的发展历程，发现：（1）北极原住民组织强调基于文本生产的知识权力获取方式；（2）制度性参与是原住民组织的主要行动路径。北极事务参与权的获取及针对性行动策略的实施帮助原住民组织成功影响和重塑了北极的治理理念、身份认同与地理空间，推动北极地区向着善治和良治发展。通过对因纽特环北极理事会案例的解析，可以为中国拓展自身在北极地区的合作空间提供参考。

关键词: 批判地缘政治学, 北极事务, 因纽特环北极理事会, 原住民组织

Xinqi YAN, Ningning ZHAO. The participation and influence of indigenous organizations in Arctic affairs from the perspective of critical political geography:A case of Inuit Circumpolar Council[J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(1): 57-68.

闫鑫淇, 赵宁宁. 批判地缘政治学视角下原住民组织对北极事务的参与和影响[J]. 世界地理研究, 2021, 30(1): 57-68.

Figures/Tables 2

References 58

1	Heininen Lassi,Southcott Chris.Globalization and the circumpolar north. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press,2010:4.
2	杨剑.中国的北极政策解读,太平洋学报,2018(3):1-11.
	Yang J.An interpretation of China's Arctic Policy,Pacfic Journal,2018(3):1-11.
3	叶江.试论北极事务中地缘政治理论与治理理论的双重影响,国际观察,2013(2):32-38.
	Ye J.On the dual influence of geopolitical theory and governance theory in Arctic Affairs,International Review,2013(2):32-38
4	许勤华.评批性判地缘政治学. 世界经济与政治,2006(1):15-21.
	Xu Q.A review of critical geopolitics,World Economic and Politics,2006(1):15-21.
5	邓芷雯, 安宁, 黄馨玉."萨德"与中国大众的东亚地缘政治观:基于批判地缘政治学的分析,世界地理研究,2018(5):22-32.
	Deng Z,An N, Huang X."THAAD" and Chinese mass's geopolitical view of East Asia: An analytical perspective from critical geopolitics.World Regional Studies,2018(5):22-32.
6	Dodds,Klaus.Flag planting and finger pointing:The law of the sea,the arctic and the political geographies of the outer continental shelf.Political Geography, 2010(29):63-73.
7	Gallaher Carolyn,Gilmartin Mary,Dahlman Carl T..Geopolitics:In key concepts in political geography. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2009:87–98.
8	何雪松.空间、权力与知识:福柯的地理学转向,学海,2005(6):44-48.
	He Xuesong.Space,power and knowledge:Foucalt's geographical turn.Academia Bimestris,2005(6):44-48.
9	Gearóid Ó Tuathail. Understanding critical geopolitics: Geopolitics and risk society. Journal of Strategic Studies,1999,22(2-3):107-124.]
10	Simon Dalby,Gearóid Ó Tuathail.The critical geopolitics constellation: problematizing fusions of geographical knowledge and power.Political Geography,1996:451-456.]
11	Wendt Alexander. Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. International Organization,1992:391-425.]
12	Keil Kathrin,Knecht Sebastian.Arctic geopolitics revisited: Spatialising governance in the circumpolar north.The Polar Journal,2013,3(1):178-203.
13	彭秋虹,陆俊元.原住民权利与中国北极地缘经济参与.世界地理研究,2013,22(1):32-38.
	Peng Q, Lu J.The rights of indigenous peoples and China's participation in the Arctic Geo-economy.World Regional Studies,2013,22(1):32-38.
14	白桂梅.土著人与自决权,中外法学, 1997(6):59-69.
	Bai G.Indigenous people and the right to self-determination.Peking University Law Journal,1997(6):59-69.
15	Hopkins A G.Globalisation and decolonisation.The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 2017,45(5):729-745.
16	叶江.试论北极区域原住民非政府组织在北极治理中的作用与影响,西南民族大学学报:人文社会科学版,2013(7):21-26.
	Ye J.On the role and influence of indigenous non-governmental organizations in arctic governance.Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities,2013(7):21-26.
17	潘敏, 张侠, 凌晓良,等. 论北极原住民的人口结构与社会问题——以加拿大为例. 世界地理研究, 2009, 18(3):128-135.
	Pan M,Zhang X,Ling X,et al.Study on the structure of population and social problem of arctic indigenous people focus on Canada.World Regional Studies,2009,18(3):128-135.
18	潘敏,夏文佳.北极原住民自治研究——以加拿大因纽特人为例,中国海洋大学学报:社会科学版,2010(6):9-15.
	Pan M,Xia W.Indigenous people's self-government in the arctic region-A case study of the Canadian Inuit.Journal of Ocean University of China: Social Sciences,2010(6):9-15.
19	谢来辉.碳排放:一种新的权力来源——全球气候治理中的排放权力,世界经济与政治,2016(9):64-89.
	Xie L.Carbon emission as a new source of power? Emission power in global climate governance.World Economics and Politics,2016(9):64-89.
20	陈玉刚,周超,秦倩.批判地缘政治学与南极地缘政治的发展,世界经济与政治,2012(10):116-131.
	Chen Y, Zhou C,Qin Q.The development of geopolitics and antarctic geopolitics,World Economics and Politics,2012(10):116-131.
21	孙海燕.从国际法视角看联合国与非政府组织的制度化联系,北京大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2008(4):138-143.
	Sun H.The institutional relationship between UN and NGO:A perspective of international law. Journal of Peking University: Philosophy and Social Sciences,2008(4):138-143.
22	李笑梅.非政府组织参与联合国工作的历史、现状及未来,国际法研究,2016(1):74-84.
	Li X.The history,current arrangements and future of Non-governmental organizations' participation in the work of the nations.Chinese Review of International Law,2016(1):74-84.
23	The Yearbook of International Organizations.2019-7-15..
24	Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada.United nations and human rights,2019-7-15. .
25	赵宁宁, 欧开飞.全球视野下北极地缘政治态势再透视,欧洲研究,2016(3):30-43.
	Zhao N,Ou K.Reanalysis of the geopolitics of the Arctic in a global perspective.Chinese Journal of European Studies,2016(3):30-43.
26	王晨光.路径依赖、关键节点与北极理事会的制度变迁——基于历史制度主义的分析,外交评论,2018(4):54-80.
	Wang C.Path dependence,critical junctures and institutional evolution of the Arctic Council,Foreign Affairs Review,2018(4):54-80.
27	Tennberg Monica.Arctic Council-Indigenous peoples' involvement,northern notes,2019-7-15..
28	Hopson E.Political statement: Anchorage press conference upon his return to Alaska.2019-7-15.
29	Pelaudeix Cecile.Inuit Governance in a changing environment:A scientific or a political project?,2019-7-15.]
30	刘晓凤,王雨,葛岳静.环境政治中国际非政府组织的角色——基于批判地缘政治的视角,人文地理,2018(5):123-132.
	Liu X, Wang Y, Ge Y.Roles of international non-governmental organizations in global environmental politics: A critical Geopolitical Perspective,Human Geography,2018(5):123-132.
31	叶江.试论国际非政府组织参与全球治理的途径,国际观察,2008(4):16-24.
	Ye J.On the ways for international ngo's to participate in global governance. International Survey,2008(4):16-24.
32	Robinson Amanda.Sheilawatt-cloutier.2019-7-15..
33	Leonard David. Downie, Terry Fenge.Northern lights against POPs: Combatting toxic threats in the Arctic. MQUP, 2003:192-213.
34	Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada.Arctic dimension absent from WSSD.2019-7-15.
35	Inuit Circumpolar Council Canada.Inuit Support Ban of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) international maritime organization's marine environment protection committee meeting in London, UK.2019-7-15. .
36	Elana Wilson Rowe.Arctic governance: Power in cross-border cooperation. Manchester University Press,2018:109-111.
37	于宏源.非国家行为体在全球治理中权力的变化:以环境气候领域国际非政府组织为分析中心,国际论坛, 2018(2):1-7.
	Yu H.The changing power of non-state actors in global governance:an analysis of NGO in the field of environment and climate.International Forum,2018(2):1-7.
38	Nuttall Mark.Protecting the Arctic: Indigenous peoples and cultural survival.Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers,1998:40-43.
39	Leif Christian Jensen,Hønneland Geir.Handbook of the politics of the Arctic, Edward Elgar Pub, 2013:303.
40	Council Arctic.Declaration on the establishment of the Arctic Council,2019-7-15 https: / /oaarchive. arctic-council. org /handle /11374 /85.
41	Jessica M. Shadian.Remaking Arctic governance: The construction of an Arctic Inuit policy.Polar Record,2006,42(3):250-255.]
42	Exner-Pirot Heather.The Arctic Council's capacity challenge,anchorage daily news,2019-7-15. .
43	潘敏,郑宇智.原住民与北极治理:以北极理事会为中心的考察.复旦国际关系评论,2017(2):121-140.
	Pan M, Zheng Y.Indigenous peoples and Arctic governance: An Arctic Council study.Fudan International Studies Review,2017(2):121-140.
44	孙柏瑛.全球化时代的地方治理:构建公民参与和自主管理的制度平台,教学与研究,2003(11):27-33.
	Sun B.Local governance in the era of globalization:constructing institutional foundations for citizen participation and self-governance,Teaching and Research,2003(11):27-33.
45	Canadian Arctic Climate Policy Watcher.Arctic pilot project,2019-7-15. .
46	Nuttall Mark, Callaghan Terry.Arctic: Environment, people, policy. CRC Press,2000:625.
47	Lynge Aqqaluk.Inuit in the New Arctic: Challenges of change,arctic frontiers conference,2019-7-15..
48	马风书.集体身份认同与跨国区域社会共同体的建构——关于东亚社会共同体建设的思考,国际观察,2017(1):97-113.
	Ma F.Collective identity and construction of social community among transnational regions -Reflection on the construction of East Asian Social Community,International Survey,2017(1):97-113.
49	张云.国际关系中的区域治理:理论建构与比较分析.中国社会科学,2019(7):186-203.
	Zhang Y.Regional governance in international relations: Theoretical construction and comparative analysis.Social Sciences in China,2019(7):186-203.
50	Nadine C. Fabbi.Inuit political engagement in the Arctic.Arctic Yearbook2012:160-176.
51	Wilson Gary N.Inuit diplomacy in the circumpolar North.Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 2007,13(3):65-80.
52	Abele Frances,Rodon Thierry.Inuit diplomacy in the global ERA: The strengths of multilateral internationalism.Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 2007,13(3):45-63.
53	吴宁.列斐伏尔对空间的政治学反思.理论导刊,2008(5):67-71.
	Wu N.Henri Lefebvre's political reflection on space.Theory Journal, 2008(5):67-71.
54	Dittmer Jason,Moisio Sami,Ingram Alan.Have you heard the one about the disappearing ice? Recasting Arctic geopolitics.Political Geography, 2011,30(4):202-212.
55	Paul Arthur Berkman.Stability and peace in the Arctic Ocean through science diplomacy.Science & Diplomacy,2019-7-16,.
56	李孔文, 王嘉毅.福柯知识权力理论及其教育学意蕴.华东师范大学学报:教育科学版, 2011(3):1-9.
	Li K,Wang J.Foucault's Theory of knowledge power and its pedagogical implications.Journal of East China Normal University: Educational Sciences,2011(3):1-9.
57	Gerhardt Hannes.The Inuit and sovereignty: The case of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference and Greenland.Tidsskriftet Politik, 2011,14(1):6-14.
58	NoorJohnson.Community-Based monitoring and indigenous knowledge in a changing Arctic: A review for the sustaining Arctic Observing Networks.2019-9-20. .

参数	国际尺度	北极尺度	地方尺度
行动目标	参与全球层面上的北极事务	全面参与北极事务，提升北极政策制定的话语权和导向能力	促进因纽特社区的发展，维护因纽特社群的利益
互动主体	联合国等国际组织	北极理事会等区域组织	地方政府及地方社群组织
权力机制	咨商制度	永久观察员	地方自治
行动策略	制度参与对话参与	规则规范塑造及全面制度参与	因地制宜建立地方治理、跨地域策略

参数	国际尺度	北极尺度	地方尺度
行动目标	参与全球层面上的北极事务	全面参与北极事务，提升北极政策制定的话语权和导向能力	促进因纽特社区的发展，维护因纽特社群的利益
互动主体	联合国等国际组织	北极理事会等区域组织	地方政府及地方社群组织
权力机制	咨商制度	永久观察员	地方自治
行动策略	制度参与对话参与	规则规范塑造及全面制度参与	因地制宜建立地方治理、跨地域策略