The impact mechanism and income-increasing effect of farmers' concurrent employment in mountainous areas from the perspective of rural revitalization: Based on survey data from 6 496 households in Chongqing city

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.08.20250178

Abstract

Abstract:

Concurrent employment plays a crucial role in optimizing the allocation of allocation of agriculrural resources, improving agricultural production efficiency, and enhancing farmers' income, thereby contributing to the consolidation of poverty alleviation achievements and the advancement of rural revitalization. Drawing on survey data from 6 496 households in 391 administrative villages (or communities) across Chongqing Municipality, this study investigates the impact mechanisms and income effects of different types of concurrently employed farm households using an unordered multinomial logistic regression model and the propensity score matching (PSM). The results show that: ① Concurrent employment among farm households in mountainous areas is shaped by a combination of factors, including human capital, physical capital, policy support, social capital, and geographic location. It represents an adaptive livelihood strategy in response to socio-economic transformations in the post-poverty alleviation era. ② Various levels of concurrent employment significantly enhance total per capita income and non-farm income, with a stronger income-boosting effect observed at higher levels of concurrent employment. Type-I concurrent employment households show a significant positive impact on agricultural income, while Type-II and non-farm households exhibit a significant negative correlation. ③The income-enhancing effects of concurrent employment vary across employment regions and terrain types: Type-II and non-farm households engaged in out-of-province employment exhibit a significantly greater increase in non-farm income compared to those working within the county or province. Additionally, households in hilly areas experience overall stronger income growth than those in mountainous regions.

Key words: concurrent employment, income-increasing effect, propensity score matching, impact mechanism, Chongqing, China

摘要：

农户兼业化有助于优化农业资源配置，提高农业生产效率，促进农民增收和农村经济发展，对于巩固脱贫成果及推进乡村振兴具有重要意义。基于重庆市391个行政村（社区）的6 496份脱贫农户抽样调查问卷数据，采用无序多分类Logistic回归模型、倾向得分匹配法（PSM）探讨了不同兼业类型农户的影响机理与增收效应。结果表明：①山区农户兼业化行为受家庭人力资本、物质资本、政策因素、社会资本和地理区位等多重因素综合作用，是农户家庭内部资源配置对后脱贫时代社会经济环境变化的适应性反应。②不同兼业化程度对农户人均总收入、非农收入具有显著的正向影响，兼业化程度越高，增收效应越强。Ⅰ兼户对农业收入有显著正向影响，Ⅱ兼户和非农户对农业收入有显著负向影响。③不同兼业区域和不同地貌类型区农户兼业行为的增收效应存在差异，省外务工的Ⅱ兼户和非农户在非农收入提升方面的效果显著高于县内和省内务工的农户，丘陵区的增收效果总体上高于山地区。

关键词: 兼业化行为, 增收效应, 倾向得分匹配法, 影响机理, 重庆市

Yu LANG, Tian HE, Xinyue PAN, Jie ZHANG, Yuanli LIU. The impact mechanism and income-increasing effect of farmers' concurrent employment in mountainous areas from the perspective of rural revitalization: Based on survey data from 6 496 households in Chongqing city[J]. World Regional Studies, 2026, 35(8): 139-153.

郎雨, 何田, 潘欣玥, 张洁, 刘愿理. 乡村振兴视角下山区农户兼业化行为的影响机理与增收效应——基于重庆市6 496份农户调查数据[J]. 世界地理研究, 2026, 35(8): 139-153.

Figures/Tables 7

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变量		纯农户	Ⅰ兼户	Ⅱ兼户	非农户
家庭劳动力数/个		0.60	1.63	2.32	2.87
耕地面积/亩		3.76	5.71	4.24	3.08
人均年收入/元		14 646.61	17 842.93	19 870.64	24 209.54
人均农业收入/元		6 454.90	7 794.58	2 518.06	241.79
人均非农收入/元		334.24	5 431.93	15 610.54	23 740.00
样本量/份		1 243	1 292	3 279	682
务工区域 /%	县内务工	—	46.40	47.38	6.22
	省内县外务工	—	16.09	71.96	11.96
	省外务工	—	6.66	74.59	18.75
地貌分布 /%	平原区	13.85	15.38	61.54	9.23
	丘陵区	21.96	18.57	49.47	10.00
	山地区	16.88	21.07	51.11	10.93

变量		纯农户	Ⅰ兼户	Ⅱ兼户	非农户
家庭劳动力数/个		0.60	1.63	2.32	2.87
耕地面积/亩		3.76	5.71	4.24	3.08
人均年收入/元		14 646.61	17 842.93	19 870.64	24 209.54
人均农业收入/元		6 454.90	7 794.58	2 518.06	241.79
人均非农收入/元		334.24	5 431.93	15 610.54	23 740.00
样本量/份		1 243	1 292	3 279	682
务工区域 /%	县内务工	—	46.40	47.38	6.22
	省内县外务工	—	16.09	71.96	11.96
	省外务工	—	6.66	74.59	18.75
地貌分布 /%	平原区	13.85	15.38	61.54	9.23
	丘陵区	21.96	18.57	49.47	10.00
	山地区	16.88	21.07	51.11	10.93

变量	指标	指标阐释	均值	标准差
家庭收入	家庭总收入	人均家庭人均收入取对数处理	9.682	0.542
	农业收入	人均农业收入取对数处理	6.568	3.054
	非农收入	人均非农收入取对数处理	8.010	2.932
兼业类型	农户兼业化程度	纯农户=1，Ⅰ兼户=2，Ⅱ兼户=3，非农户=4	2.523	0.918
	县内务工	农户从事县内务工人数占家庭总人数的比重	0.134	0.239
	省内县外务工	农户从事省内县外务工人数占家庭总人数的比重	0.090	0.202
	省外务工	农户从事省外务工人数占家庭总人数的比重	0.213	0.285
人力资本	户主性别	男=1，女=0	0.861	0.346
	户主年龄	受访户主实际年龄	61.356	11.584
	户主受教育程度	文盲或半文盲=1，小学=2，初中=3，高中及以上=4	2.156	0.587
	家庭抚养比	老人孩子占比	0.404	0.339
	家庭健康水平	家庭患病和残疾人口占比	0.233	0.291
	家庭劳动力数量	16~59岁具有劳动力数/人	1.909	1.439
	技能水平	技能人数占比	0.018	0.092
物质资本	耕地面积	亩	4.319	5.812
	宅基地面积	亩	103.091	35.539
	厕所类型	非卫生厕所=1，卫生旱厕=2，卫生水厕=3	2.808	0.491
	宽带连接	是=1，否=0	0.649	0.477
	房屋风貌整治	是=1，否=0	0.311	0.463
政策因素	产业帮扶	是=1，否=0	0.646	0.478
	就业帮扶	是=1，否=0	0.451	0.498
	村医	是=1，否=0	0.961	0.195
	合作社、大户或龙头企业带动	是=1，否=0	0.170	0.376
社会资本	亲友帮扶	非常少=1，比较少=2，一般=3，比较多=4，非常多=5	3.648	0.938
	务工渠道	政府有组织务工=1，亲朋介绍=2，3个人自主寻找	2.776	0.603
	邻里关系	非常不好=1，不太好=2，比较好=3，非常好=4	3.373	0.529
地理区位	海拔区域	平原=1，丘陵=2，山地=3	2.531	0.519
地理区位	距县城距离	村委会到县政府所在地的最短距离/公里	42.601	20.714

变量	指标	指标阐释	均值	标准差
家庭收入	家庭总收入	人均家庭人均收入取对数处理	9.682	0.542
	农业收入	人均农业收入取对数处理	6.568	3.054
	非农收入	人均非农收入取对数处理	8.010	2.932
兼业类型	农户兼业化程度	纯农户=1，Ⅰ兼户=2，Ⅱ兼户=3，非农户=4	2.523	0.918
	县内务工	农户从事县内务工人数占家庭总人数的比重	0.134	0.239
	省内县外务工	农户从事省内县外务工人数占家庭总人数的比重	0.090	0.202
	省外务工	农户从事省外务工人数占家庭总人数的比重	0.213	0.285
人力资本	户主性别	男=1，女=0	0.861	0.346
	户主年龄	受访户主实际年龄	61.356	11.584
	户主受教育程度	文盲或半文盲=1，小学=2，初中=3，高中及以上=4	2.156	0.587
	家庭抚养比	老人孩子占比	0.404	0.339
	家庭健康水平	家庭患病和残疾人口占比	0.233	0.291
	家庭劳动力数量	16~59岁具有劳动力数/人	1.909	1.439
	技能水平	技能人数占比	0.018	0.092
物质资本	耕地面积	亩	4.319	5.812
	宅基地面积	亩	103.091	35.539
	厕所类型	非卫生厕所=1，卫生旱厕=2，卫生水厕=3	2.808	0.491
	宽带连接	是=1，否=0	0.649	0.477
	房屋风貌整治	是=1，否=0	0.311	0.463
政策因素	产业帮扶	是=1，否=0	0.646	0.478
	就业帮扶	是=1，否=0	0.451	0.498
	村医	是=1，否=0	0.961	0.195
	合作社、大户或龙头企业带动	是=1，否=0	0.170	0.376
社会资本	亲友帮扶	非常少=1，比较少=2，一般=3，比较多=4，非常多=5	3.648	0.938
	务工渠道	政府有组织务工=1，亲朋介绍=2，3个人自主寻找	2.776	0.603
	邻里关系	非常不好=1，不太好=2，比较好=3，非常好=4	3.373	0.529
地理区位	海拔区域	平原=1，丘陵=2，山地=3	2.531	0.519
地理区位	距县城距离	村委会到县政府所在地的最短距离/公里	42.601	20.714

变量	Ⅰ兼农户			Ⅱ兼农户			非农户
变量	Coefficient	S.E.	Exp(B)	Coefficient	S.E.	Exp(B)	Coefficient	S.E.	Exp（B）
性别	0.125	0.134	1.133	-0.139	0.117	0.870	-0.149	0.164	0.862
年龄	-0.020^***	1.002	0.980	0.001	0.004	1.000	-0.014^**	0.006	0.986
受教育程度	0.189^**	0.084	1.207	0.274^***	0.077	1.316	0.224^**	0.103	1.250
抚养比	-0.679^***	0.169	0.507	-1.119^***	0.155	0.326	-2.092^***	0.239	0.123
健康水平	-0.255^*	0.147	0.775	-0.544^***	0.134	0.580	-1.508^***	0.245	0.221
劳动力数量	0.598^***	0.053	1.818	1.007^***	0.050	2.738	1.257^***	0.059	3.515
技能水平	-0.558	0.801	0.572	1.780^***	0.627	5.932	2.562^***	0.700	12.96
耕地面积	0.002	0.008	1.002	-0.055^***	0.009	0.947	-0.180^***	0.019	0.835
宅基地面积	0.001	0.001	1.001	0.004^***	0.001	1.004	0.006^***	0.002	1.006
厕所类型	0.227^**	0.091	1.255	0.181^**	0.081	1.198	0.349^***	0.125	1.418
宽带连接	0.245^**	0.099	1.278	0.323^***	0.090	1.381	0.435^***	0.128	1.545
风貌整治	-0.225^**	0.104	0.799	-0.175^*	0.095	0.839	-0.242^*	0.128	0.785
产业帮扶	0.110	0.102	1.116	0.017	0.092	1.017	-0.884^***	0.123	0.413
就业帮扶	1.889^***	0.120	6.611	1.879^***	0.114	6.550	1.798^***	0.141	6.039
村医	-0.478^**	0.230	0.620	-0.237	0.218	0.789	-0.061	0.308	0.941
组织带动	0.395^***	0.138	1.485	0.417^***	0.130	1.518	-0.126	0.191	0.882
亲友帮扶	-0.059	0.051	0.942	-0.092^*	0.047	0.913	-0.165^***	0.064	0.848
务工渠道	-0.779^***	-0.097	0.459	-0.358^***	0.097	0.699	-0.105	0.130	0.900
邻里关系	-0.083	0.091	0.921	-0.143^*	0.084	0.867	-0.315^***	0.114	0.730
海拔地貌	0.076	0.095	1.079	-0.085	0.087	0.918	-0.003	0.118	0.997
距县城距离	0.003	0.002	1.003	0.004^*	0.002	1.004	0.007^**	0.003	1.007
Constant	1.985^***	0.710	7.281	0.465	0.663	1.592	-0.333	0.917	0.716
观察值= 6 496	Log likelihood = -6 156.421 7 LR chi2(63) =3 529.00
Prob > chi2 = 0
Pseudo R² =0.222 8