中国传统村落分布特征与成因机制研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2023.04.20200619

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以中国4 153个传统村落为案例，借助GIS空间分析方法，深入剖析了我国传统村落的分布特征及其成因机制。研究发现：（1）我国传统村落分布总体呈凝聚型，主要集中分布于东部沿海和西南地区，但两者成因差异显著。（2）伴随历史时期更替，传统村落空间集聚形态由“单主核，多次核”转为“多主核，单次核”；东部农业文化区传统村落数量明显高于西部游牧文化区，西南少数民族农业文化亚区的传统村落分布最为集中；少数民族传统村寨分布重心位于西南地区中部，汉族传统村落则以长江中游地区南部为分布重心。（3）传统村落分布格局的形成是多方因素综合作用的结果，地形地貌、气候降水、河流水域是决定传统村落形成和延续的基础因素，农业生产方式和历史人口迁移则是影响传统村落集聚发展的重要推手，现存传统村落总量规模和当地政府政策保护力度息息相关。

关键词: 传统村落, 分布特征, 成因机制, 中国

Abstract:

This paper analyzes 4 153 traditional villages in China, and uses GIS and other spatial analysis methods to deeply analyze the distribution characteristics of traditional villages and their formation mechanisms. The research finds that: (1) The distribution of traditional villages in China is generally condensed, mainly in the eastern coastal and southwestern regions, but the causes of the two are significantly different. (2) With the change of historical periods, the spatial agglomeration form of traditional villages has changed from "single core, multiple cores" to "multiple cores, single core". The number of traditional villages in the eastern agricultural and cultural area is significantly higher than that in the western nomadic cultural area. The distribution of traditional villages in the southwestern minority agricultural and cultural sub-region is the most concentrated. The distribution of ethnic minority traditional villages is in the middle of the southwest region, and the Han traditional villages are distributed in the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. (3) The formation of the distribution pattern of traditional villages is the result of the comprehensive effect of many factors. Topography, climate, precipitation, and river waters are the basic factors that determine the formation and continuation of traditional villages. Agricultural production methods and historical population migration affect the agglomeration and development of traditional villages. The key factors of the sustainable development of traditional villages are the total number of existing traditional villages and the protection of local government policies.

Key words: traditional village, distribution characteristics, formation mechanism, China

张晓瑶, 陆林, 虞虎, 张潇, 邓洪波. 中国传统村落分布特征与成因机制研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(4): 132-143.

Xiaoyao ZHANG, Lin LU, Hu YU, Xiao ZHANG, Hongbo DENG. Research on the distribution characteristics and formation mechanisms of Chinese traditional villages[J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(4): 132-143.

图/表 7

图1 中国传统村落整体核密度、热点分析图注：基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站审图号为GS（2019）1822号的标准地图制作，底图无修改，以下地图同。

Fig.1 Analysis of the overall Kernel density and hotspots of traditional Chinese villages

表1 历史时期中国传统村落最邻近指数变化

Tab.1 Changes in the nearest neighbor index of traditional villages in historical period

历史时期	累积传统村落最邻近指数	类型
隋唐以前	0.508 242	集聚型
隋唐	0.434 001	集聚型
宋元	0.386 305	集聚型
明	0.341 781	集聚型
清	0.339 952	集聚型

图2 不同历史时期传统村落的空间集聚分布情况

Fig.2 The accumulated spatial distribution of traditional Chinese villages in historical periods

图3 不同文化区、民族传统村落空间分布情况

Fig.3 The spatial distribution of different cultural areas and ethnic traditional villages

图4 中国传统村落与海拔、坡度、气候、水系分布的关联性

Fig.4 The correlation between traditional Chinese villages and the distribution of altitude， slope， climate and water system

图5 各历史时期中国人口迁移路径

Fig.5 Path of China's population migration in various historical periods

图6 中国传统村落选址、迁移综合因素作用

Fig.6 The role of comprehensive factors in site selection and migration of traditional Chinese villages

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