景观格局对生态系统服务的影响研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2023.08.2021674

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于2000、2010、2018年3期的土地利用/土地覆被变化数据测度了汉江生态经济带景观格局和生态系统服务的时空演变特征，并采用地理加权回归模型探究景观格局指数对生态系统服务的影响。结果显示：（1）2000—2018年间，汉江生态经济带景观格局变化显著，各景观类型破碎化、分散化程度加深，形状愈加复杂化；（2）汉江生态经济带生态系统服务价值呈现先升高后降低的趋势以及中西部高、东部低的总体特征；（3）汉江生态经济带景观格局指数对生态系统服务影响显著，但对不同地区的影响存在较大差异。总体上看，斑块密度（PD）、平均最邻近距离（ENN_MN）、分离度（SPLIT）和香农多样性指数（SHDI）对生态系统服务价值的影响大致呈现负效应，而散布与并列指数（IJI）对生态系统服务价值的影响总体呈正效应。研究有利于增强对县域尺度上汉江生态经济带景观格局与生态系统服务关系的科学认知，为探究区域景观生态安全影响因素、落实生态保护政策提供科学依据。

关键词: 生态系统服务价值, 景观格局, 地理加权回归, 汉江生态经济带

Abstract:

Based on the data of land use and land cover change in 2000, 2010 and 2018, the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the landscape pattern and ecosystem services in the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt were measured, and the impact of the landscape pattern index on ecosystem services was explored by using a geographically weighted regression model. The results showed that: (1) From 2000 to 2018, the landscape pattern of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt changed significantly, the degree of fragmentation and decentralization of each landscape type deepened, and the shape became more complex. (2) The ecosystem service value of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with the overall characteristics of being high in the central and western regions and low in the eastern regions. (3) From 2000 to 2018, the landscape pattern index of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt had a significant impact on ecosystem services, but the impact on different regions was quite different. On the whole, PD, ENN_MN, SPLIT, and SHDI had negative effects on ecosystem service value, while IJI had positive effects on ecosystem service value. The study is helpful to enhance the scientific understanding of the relationship between the landscape pattern and ecosystem services on a county scale and provides a scientific basis for exploring the influencing factors of regional landscape ecological security and implementing ecological protection policies.

Key words: ecosystem services value, landscape pattern, geographically weighted regression, Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt

周婷, 王强, 梁加乐, 张静文, 王晨嘉, 张紫葆. 景观格局对生态系统服务的影响研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(8): 152-165.

Ting ZHOU, Qiang WANG, Jiale LIANG, Jingwen ZHANG, Chenjia WANG, Zibao ZHANG. Impacts of landscape pattern on ecosystem services: A case study of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt[J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(8): 152-165.

图/表 13

图1 汉江生态经济带位置与高程图注：本图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的标准地图（审图号：GS （2016） 1569号）制作，底图无修改。图2、图4、图5同。

Fig.1 Location and elevation map of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt

图2 汉江生态经济带土地利用类型分布图

Fig.2 Land use type distribution map of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt

表1 回归方程自变量的多重共线性检验

Tab.1 Multicollinearity test of the independent variable of regression equation

模型1	PD	FRAC_AM	ENN_MN	CONTAG	IJI	COHESION	SPLIT	SHDI
VIF	2.849	10.145	2.331	9.880	4.184	8.954	5.859	4.243
模型2	PD	ENN_MN	IJI	SPLIT	SHDI	—	—	—
VIF	1.327	1.310	1.774	2.074	2.514	—	—	—

表2 景观指数含义及计算公式表

Tab.2 Landscape index meaning and calculation formula table

指数名称	指数含义	计算公式	变量含义
斑块密度（PD）	表示一个单位面积上的斑块数量^[36]	PD = N/A	式中，N是景观类型斑块数量，A是总体景观面积
平均最邻近距离（ENN_MN）	表示景观内斑块间的物理连接程度^[35]	ENN_MN = $(∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 n h i j) / N$	式中，N是景观类型斑块数量，h_ij 是景观类型i和j的距离
散布与并列指数（IJI）	表示景观内某种斑块的分布情况^[35]	IJI = $- Σ j = 1 k e i j Σ j = 1 k e i j l n e i j Σ j = 1 k e i j l n k - 1$	式中，k是景观类型数量， $e i j$ 是景观类型i和j的邻边长度
分离度（SPLIT）	表示景观内不同类型斑块在空间上的离散分布状况^[34,35]	SPLIT = $A 2 ∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 n l n a i j 2$	式中，A是总体景观面积，a_ij 是景观类型i内斑块类型j的面积
香农多样性指数（SHDI）	表示景观内各类型斑块的多样性与异质性变化及特征^[37]	SHDI = $- Σ i = 1 k (p i × l n p i)$	式中，k是景观类型数量， $p i$ 是斑块类型 $i$ 在景观内占比

表2 景观指数含义及计算公式表

Tab.2 Landscape index meaning and calculation formula table

指数名称	指数含义	计算公式	变量含义
斑块密度（PD）	表示一个单位面积上的斑块数量^[36]	PD = N/A	式中，N是景观类型斑块数量，A是总体景观面积
平均最邻近距离（ENN_MN）	表示景观内斑块间的物理连接程度^[35]	ENN_MN = $(∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 n h i j) / N$	式中，N是景观类型斑块数量，h_ij 是景观类型i和j的距离
散布与并列指数（IJI）	表示景观内某种斑块的分布情况^[35]	IJI = $- Σ j = 1 k e i j Σ j = 1 k e i j l n e i j Σ j = 1 k e i j l n k - 1$	式中，k是景观类型数量， $e i j$ 是景观类型i和j的邻边长度
分离度（SPLIT）	表示景观内不同类型斑块在空间上的离散分布状况^[34,35]	SPLIT = $A 2 ∑ i = 1 m ∑ j = 1 n l n a i j 2$	式中，A是总体景观面积，a_ij 是景观类型i内斑块类型j的面积
香农多样性指数（SHDI）	表示景观内各类型斑块的多样性与异质性变化及特征^[37]	SHDI = $- Σ i = 1 k (p i × l n p i)$	式中，k是景观类型数量， $p i$ 是斑块类型 $i$ 在景观内占比

表3 汉江生态经济带生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表 (元/公顷)

Tab.3 Table of ecosystem service value per unit area of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt

一级类型	二级类型	林地	草地	耕地	湿地	水域	未利用地	建设用地
合计	—	57 288.482	23 775.128	16 094.559	111 582.154	92 390.920	2 831.828	－24 467.805
供给服务	食物生产	672.304	876.033	2 037.286	733.423	1 079.762	40.746	20.373
供给服务	原材料生产	6 071.112	733.423	794.542	488.949	713.050	81.491	0.000
调节服务	气体调节	8 801.076	3 055.929	1 466.846	4 909.859	1 039.016	122.237	－4 930.232
	气候调节	8 291.754	3 178.166	1 976.167	27 605.225	4 196.809	264.847	0.000
	水文调节	8 332.500	3 096.675	1 568.710	27 381.124	38 239.858	142.610	－15 300.018
	废物处理	3 504.132	2 689.218	2 831.828	29 336.918	30 253.697	529.694	－5 011.724
支持服务	土壤保持	8 189.890	4 563.521	2 994.810	4 054.199	835.287	346.339	40.746
支持服务	维持生物多样性	9 188.160	3 809.725	2 078.032	7 517.585	6 987.891	814.914	692.677
文化服务	提供美学景观	4 237.555	1 772.439	346.339	9 554.871	9 045.550	488.949	20.373

表4 2000—2018年汉江生态经济带各期土地利用类型面积和所占比例 (公顷)

Tab.4 The area and proportion of land use types of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt from 2000 to 2018

景观类型	2000年		2010年		2018年
景观类型	面积	比例	面积	比例	面积	比例
耕地	70 227.771	36.893%	69 378.460	36.447%	67 429.169	35.452%
林地	77 460.526	40.692%	77 457.027	40.691%	77 180.277	40.578%
草地	34 305.775	18.022%	34 455.264	18.100%	34 205.461	17.984%
水域	3 473.805	1.825%	3 951.672	2.076%	4 874.037	2.563%
建设用地	3 649.257	1.917%	3 979.529	2.091%	5 664.803	2.978%
未利用地	39.996	0.021%	39.996	0.021%	42.720	0.022%
湿地	1 200.386	0.631%	1 093.809	0.575%	804.248	0.423%

表5 2000—2018年汉江生态经济带景观类型转移矩阵 (公顷)

Tab.5 Transfer matrix of landscape types of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt from 2000 to 2018

2000年	2018年
2000年	草地	耕地	建设用地	林地	湿地	水域	未利用地
草地	18 273.360	7 937.563	184.959	7 634.412	52.695	142.075	4.673
耕地	8 044.109	47 175.733	3 888.375	8 540.055	336.766	2 116.923	11.861
建设用地	95.821	2 343.635	903.025	114.017	29.213	159.081	0
林地	7 595.433	8 403.020	408.204	60 350.687	70.570	482.141	6.262
湿地	67.219	438.027	72.836	141.776	147.522	328.182	0
水域	77.640	1 068.886	202.217	314.712	166.431	1 629.714	1.823
未利用地	2.462	8.174	0.229	9.930	0	0.691	17.986

图3 2000—2018年汉江生态经济带景观水平上指数变化图

Fig.3 Exponential changes at the landscape level of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt from 2000 to 2018

表6 2000—2018年汉江生态经济带类型水平上指数变化

Tab.6 Exponential changes at type level of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt from 2000 to 2018

年份	参数	类型
年份	参数	耕地	林地	草地	水域	建设用地	未利用地	湿地
2000	PD	0.027	0.014	0.013	0.007	0.013	0	0.004
	ENN_MN	2 298.565	2 509.059	2 549.289	3 594.138	3 232.28	82 290.676	4 422.872
	IJI	71.106	48.264	43.994	59.078	33.847	64.292	71.283
	SPLIT	19.413	20.098	121.227	318 789.47	1 032 176.007	37 312 739.64	4 104 737.814
2010	PD	0.027	0.014	0.013	0.008	0.014	0	0.004
	ENN_MN	2 300.943	2 512.392	2 547.181	3 506.566	3 188.832	82 290.676	4 542.698
	IJI	71.696	49.035	44.315	59.268	36.678	65.18	72.39
	SPLIT	20.125	20.097	119.918	240 433.327	628 848.3	37 312 739.64	9 963 675.483
2018	PD	0.027	0.014	0.013	0.009	0.016	0	0.003
	ENN_MN	2 302.322	2 493.605	2 600.208	3 460.996	3 125.222	45 099.385	5 148.93
	IJI	72.014	51.277	45.41	62.957	42.566	68.969	75.136
	SPLIT	22.215	29.807	98.876	145 912.812	235 213.255	56 009 386.21	12 410 410.26

表7 2000—2018年汉江生态经济带不同景观类型生态系统服务价值及其变化 (百万元)

Tab.7 Ecosystem service values of different landscape types and changes of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt from 2000 to 2018 (million RMB)

景观类型	2000年	2010年	2018年	2000—2010年	2010—2018年	2000—2018年
耕地	1 130.285	1 116.616	1 085.243	－13.669	－31.373	－45.042
林地	4 437.596	4 437.396	4 421.541	－0.200	－15.855	－16.055
草地	815.624	819.178	813.239	3.554	－5.939	－2.385
水域	320.948	365.099	450.317	44.151	85.218	129.369
建设用地	－89.289	－97.370	－138.605	－8.081	－41.235	－49.316
未利用地	0.113	0.113	0.121	0.000	0.008	0.008
湿地	133.942	122.050	89.740	－11.892	－32.310	－44.202
总计	6 749.219	6 763.081	6 721.595	13.862	－41.485	－27.624

表8 2000—2018年汉江生态经济带生态系统服务价值表 (百万元)

Tab.8 Ecosystem service values of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt from 2000 to 2018

2000年

2010年

2018年

229.911

228.754

225.196

554.298

554.000

551.105

881.102

878.627

863.796

937.821

935.652

924.590

971.718

981.122

976.543

684.604

692.264

696.068

1 009.198

1 007.288

997.710

1 024.210

1 025.749

1 023.642

456.357

459.624

462.945

图4 汉江生态经济带生态系统服务价值时空分布特征图注：价值为每公顷的价值。

Fig.4 Spatiotemporal distribution of ecosystem service value of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt

图5 2000—2018年汉江生态经济带景观指数回归系数空间分布

Fig.5 Spatial distribution of landscape index regression coefficient of the Hanjiang Eco-Economic Belt from 2000 to 2018

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