全球新能源汽车贸易网络的结构特征及其竞争关系研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.04.20230633

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

运用复杂网络分析方法，探究2017—2022年全球新能源汽车贸易的整体网络特征、区域社团特征及核心国家竞争关系。研究发现：①全球新能源汽车贸易网络空间结构存在“小世界”特征，节点异质性强且符合幂律分布，满足无标度结构特征。②全球新能源汽车贸易网络可划分为5个区域社团，其中，欧亚-东西非（社团2）、西欧-东非（社团5）为中心势较高的单核社团，区内贸易依赖性强；以德国和美国为中心的北美-西欧社团（社团1）及以中国和日本为中心的亚洲-东欧-南美社团（社团3）内部贸易关系密集，前者的“富人俱乐部”特征明显，后者的异配性特征明显；东南亚-东北欧社团（社团4）内两个核心国家的出口市场相似，竞争关系显著。③在贸易网络的“核心-边缘”结构中，核心国家数量上升，形成以德国、美国、比利时、英国、中国和日本为六大核心国家的竞争格局。亚洲地区内部竞争强度下降，但与欧洲地区的外部竞争强度增大，欧洲地区内部竞争强度持续增强。

关键词: 新能源汽车贸易, 复杂网络理论, 社团检测, 竞争关系, 贸易网络

Abstract:

By employing complex network analysis methods, this study explores the overall network characteristics, regional community features, and core country competitive relationships of global NEV trade from 2017 to 2022. The findings reveal: ①The spatial structure of the global NEV trade network exhibits "small-world" characteristics, with strong node heterogeneity following a power-law distribution, satisfying the features of a scale-free structure. ②The global NEV trade network can be divided into five regional communities. The Eurasia-East-West Africa community (Community 2) and the Western Europe-East Africa community (Community 5) are highly centralized single-core communities with strong intraregional trade dependence. The North America-Western Europe community centered around Germany and the US (Community 1) and the Asia-East Europe-South America community centered around China and Japan (Community 3) have dense intracommunity trade relations. The former displays distinct rich-club characteristics, while the latter exhibits pronounced disassortative mixing features. Within the Southeast Asia-Northeastern Europe community (Community 4), the export markets of the two core countries are similar, indicating significant competitive relations. ③In the core-periphery structure of the trade network, the number of core countries has risen, forming a competitive landscape among six key countries: Germany, the United States, Belgium, the UK, China, and Japan. The intensity of internal competition within Asia has decreased, but external competition with Europe has intensified.The internal competition within Europe continues to grow.

Key words: new energy vehicles trade, complex network theory, community detection, competitive relations, trade network

徐佩, 王维然. 全球新能源汽车贸易网络的结构特征及其竞争关系研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2025, 34(4): 45-58.

Pei XU, Weiran WANG. Study on the evolution of global new energy vehicle trade network structure and its competitive relations[J]. World Regional Studies, 2025, 34(4): 45-58.

图/表 9

表1 2017—2022年全球新能源汽车贸易网络特征统计

Tab.1 Statistics on the characteristics of the global new energy vehicle trade network, 2017-2022

年份	网络规模		网络紧密度			“小世界”性
年份	节点/个	边数/条	平均度	直径	密度	平均路径长度	平均聚类系数
2017年	209	1 638	7.818	5	0.038	2.274	0.632
2018年	222	1 845	8.311	6	0.038	2.378	0.654
2019年	223	2 029	9.099	5	0.041	2.198	0.645
2020年	223	2 237	10.031	5	0.045	2.221	0.665
2021年	224	2 442	10.902	6	0.049	2.237	0.659
2022年	223	2 509	11.233	5	0.051	2.066	0.688

图1 新能源汽车出口网络与进口网络的度分布

Fig.1 Degree distribution of export and import networks of new energy vehicles

图2 2017年和2022年全球新能源汽车贸易网络图

Fig.2 Network diagram of global new energy vehicle trade in 2017 and 2022

图3 2022年全球新能源汽车贸易区域社团分布图注：该图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS（2016）1667号的标准地图制作，底图无修改。

Fig.3 Distribution diagram of regional community in global new energy vehicle trade in 2022

表2 2022年区域社团进出口网络中心势

Tab.2 The central power of regional community import and export network in 2022

贸易社团	出口网络中心势	进口网络中心势
“北美-西欧”社团（社团1）	0.729	0.179
“欧亚-东西非”社团（社团2）	0.915	0.188
“亚洲-东欧-南美”社团（社团3）	0.770	0.098
“东南亚-东北欧”社团（社团4）	0.731	0.081
“西欧-东非”社团（社团5）	0.913	0.046

图4 2022年区域社团内部关系特征

Fig.4 Characteristics of internal relationships within regional community in 2022

表3 全球新能源汽车贸易网络中的核心国家

Tab.3 Core countries of global new energy vehicle trade network

年份	ρ	核心国家
2017年	0.639	美国、日本
2019年	0.636	德国、美国、比利时、日本
2022年	0.658	德国、美国、比利时、英国、中国、日本

图5 2017—2022年新能源汽车核心国家出口占比变化

Fig.5 Changes in the export proportion of new energy vehicles in core countries in 2017-2022

图6 新能源汽车核心出口国家间竞争强度的演变

Fig.6 The evolution of competitive intensity between the core export of new energy vehicles

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