美国居住隔离对居民健康的影响研究：成因、特征及机制

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.04.20250115

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市居民健康是当前我国社会发展的重要议题。居住隔离及其对健康的影响受到学界广泛关注。本文基于美国背景，综述居住隔离的形成原因、其与居民健康的关联特征以及影响居民健康的路径机制。结果表明：①结构性压迫、文化认同和个体能动性三重力量共同塑造了居住隔离的空间格局，结构性种族主义带来的制度性排斥是美国居住隔离形成的主要原因。②居住隔离与健康不平等存在强关联性，与受隔离群体的传染病、慢性病、母婴亚健康、癌症检出率、疾病死亡率和心理疾病等不良健康结果呈正相关关系。③居住隔离对健康的不良影响是社会环境、食物环境、卫生保健环境、建成环境和就业环境等多维环境要素交互作用的结果，这些要素包括风险暴露的空间叠加、慢性心理压力的中介传导以及系统剥夺的代际固化3个路径机制。本文通过探讨美国居住隔离导致的健康不平等问题，旨在为我国推进健康城市建设提供重要的启示。

关键词: 居住隔离, 健康, 影响机制, 建成环境, 文献综述

Abstract:

Urban residents' health is a critical issue in China's social development. Residential segregation and its impact on health have received widespread attention. Based on the U.S. context, this paper reviews the causes of residential segregation, its association with residents' health, and the path mechanisms that affect health. The study finds: ① Three forces—structural oppression, cultural identity, and individual agency—jointly shape the spatial patterns of residential segregation, with institutional exclusion based on structural racism being the primary cause of residential segregation in the United States. ② Residential segregation is strongly associated with health inequality, and it is positively related to adverse health outcomes such as infectious diseases, chronic diseases, suboptimal maternal and infant health, cancer diagnosis, disease mortality, and mental illness among the segregated groups. ③ The adverse effects of residential segregation on health are the result of the interaction of multiple environmental factors such as social environment, food environment, healthcare environment, built environment and employment environment, which include three path mechanisms: the spatial accumulation of risk exposure, the mediating transmission of chronic psychological stress, and the intergenerational solidification of systemic deprivation. By examining health inequalities stemming from residential segregation in the United States, this study can provide important insights for promoting the construction of a healthy city in China.

Key words: residential segregation, health, influence mechanism, built environment, literature review

丘妍嵘, 廖开怀, 符天蓝, 黄耿志. 美国居住隔离对居民健康的影响研究：成因、特征及机制[J]. 世界地理研究, 2026, 35(4): 75-90.

Yanrong QIU, Kaihuai LIAO, Tianlan FU, Gengzhi HUANG. Research on the impact of residential segregation on residents' health in the United States: Causes, characteristics and mechanisms[J]. World Regional Studies, 2026, 35(4): 75-90.

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恶性循环类型	作用路径
个体循环	个体收入低，限制居住选择权→被迫迁入建成环境和食品环境存在劣势的社区→长期暴露于污染和不良食品环境引发慢性疾病→医疗支出增加与健康状况恶化→劳动能力下降，就业困境加剧→经济状况恶化，社会升级能力受限，锁定在隔离社区
社区循环	社区税基薄弱导致公共投入不足→警力配置与基础设施维护经费削减→社区犯罪率上升与安全感下降→商业投资撤离与中产家庭外迁→地方税收进一步减少→与健康相关的公共服务资源配置水平持续下降
代际循环	居住隔离→父母健康受损（生理、心理、行为）→通过产前环境、行为模仿和社会经济限制传递给后代→后代健康起点低、发展机会少→成年后难以摆脱原有社区→继续经历相同的环境压力→健康再次受损→继续传递给下一代

恶性循环类型	作用路径
个体循环	个体收入低，限制居住选择权→被迫迁入建成环境和食品环境存在劣势的社区→长期暴露于污染和不良食品环境引发慢性疾病→医疗支出增加与健康状况恶化→劳动能力下降，就业困境加剧→经济状况恶化，社会升级能力受限，锁定在隔离社区
社区循环	社区税基薄弱导致公共投入不足→警力配置与基础设施维护经费削减→社区犯罪率上升与安全感下降→商业投资撤离与中产家庭外迁→地方税收进一步减少→与健康相关的公共服务资源配置水平持续下降
代际循环	居住隔离→父母健康受损（生理、心理、行为）→通过产前环境、行为模仿和社会经济限制传递给后代→后代健康起点低、发展机会少→成年后难以摆脱原有社区→继续经历相同的环境压力→健康再次受损→继续传递给下一代