城市内涝情景下医疗急救可达性分析——以郑州“7·20”特大暴雨内涝灾害为例

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.06.20240944

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了评估城市内涝环境下的医疗急救可达性，本文以综合考虑医疗急救需求与城市路网节点为需求单元，综合考虑最短时间出行成本与不可达区域急救需求，改进三步移动搜索法，进行城市内涝环境下医疗急救可达性分析。以郑州“7·20”特大暴雨内涝灾害为例，研究结果表明：①郑州四环内医疗急救可达性具有明显的空间差异，高可达性区域呈点状聚集于偏远医疗机构周边，受内涝影响整体可达性降低，空间均衡度下降；②医疗急救可达性与人口分布呈负相关，城市内涝进一步加剧了可达性供需失配现象，中心城区医疗资源竞争激烈，东北部区域供大于求；③重点商业中心POI的可达医疗机构数目下降、响应时间延长，在6分钟阈值下可达医疗机构数目平均减少2.8所，平均响应时间延长了23秒。本研究成果可为政府和相关部门在城市医疗基础设施建设和急救服务等方面提供科学依据，并支持面向内涝灾害做出更加合理的决策。

关键词: 城市内涝, 可达性, 需求单元, 最短出行时间, 三步移动搜索法

Abstract:

To explore the changes in medical emergency accessibility during urban waterlogging events, this paper improves the Three-Step Floating Catchment Area (3SFCA) method by coupling medical emergency demand with urban road network nodes. This approach comprehensively considers the shortest travel time and the emergency demand in inaccessible areas, providing a more holistic analysis of medical emergency accessibility. Using the "7·20" heavy rainstorm and waterlogging disaster in Zhengzhou as a case study, the results reveal the following: ① Medical emergency accessibility within Zhengzhou's Fourth Ring Road shows significant spatial disparities, with high-accessibility points clustering around more remote healthcare facilities. The overall accessibility has decreased due to urban flooding, leading to a decline in spatial equity; ② There is a negative correlation between medical emergency accessibility and population distribution, with urban flooding exacerbating this mismatch. The central urban areas experience intense competition for medical resources, while the northeastern region shows a surplus of supply; ③ The number of accessible medical institutions in key commercial centers has decreased, and response times have lengthened. Specifically, the number of accessible medical institutions within a 6-minute threshold decreased by an average of 2.8 institutions, and response times increased by an average of 23 seconds. This research provides evidence for government and relevant departments in the construction of urban medical infrastructure and emergency medical services, supporting decision-making in response to flood disasters.

Key words: urban waterlogging, accessibility, demand units, shortest travel time, 3SFCA

李悦颖, 张学全, 黄震, 孙黎明. 城市内涝情景下医疗急救可达性分析——以郑州“7·20”特大暴雨内涝灾害为例[J]. 世界地理研究, 2026, 35(6): 180-191.

Yueying LI, Xuequan ZHANG, Zhen HUANG, Liming SUN. Analysis on accessibility of medical emergency in urban waterlogging scenarios: A case study of the "7·20" heavy rainstorm and waterlogging disaster in Zhengzhou[J]. World Regional Studies, 2026, 35(6): 180-191.

图/表 6

图1 医疗急救可达性分析技术路线

Fig.1 Technical route of medical emergency accessibility analysis

图2 研究区域数据可视化分布

Fig.2 Study area data visualization distribution

图3 不同时间阈值下内涝前后医疗急救可达性分布

Fig.3 Distribution of emergency medical care access before and after waterlogging under different time thresholds

表1 不同时间阈值下内涝前后可达性与人口空间相关性聚类结果

Tab. 1 Clustering results of spatial correlation between accessibility and population before and after waterlogging under different time thresholds

聚类结果	正常			内涝
聚类结果	6 min	8 min	10 min	6 min	8 min	10 min
P值	－0.134	－0.198	－0.03	－0.151	－0.211	－0.03
高-高	86	30	190	72	10	141
低-低	270	212	216	273	206	199
低-高	218	274	114	232	294	159
高-低	273	331	327	270	337	344
不显著	1021	1021	1021	1021	1021	1021

图4 内涝前后可达性与人口空间相关性分布

Fig.4 Distribution of spatial correlation between accessibility and population before and after flooding

图5 商业中心平均响应时间与可达医疗机构数目

Fig.5 Average response time and the number of accessible medical facilities for commercial centers

参考文献 30

[1]	TELLMAN B, SULLIVAN J, KUHN C, et al. Satellite imaging reveals increased proportion of population exposed to floods. Nature, 2021, 596(7870): 80-86.
[2]	YU D, YIN J, WILBY R, et al. Disruption of emergency response to vulnerable populations during floods. Nature Sustainability, 2020, 3(9): 728-736.
[3]	黄震,张学全,张庭瑞,等.暴雨内涝环境下城市交通脆弱路段预测方法.武汉理工大学学报(交通科学与工程版),2025,49(5):980-986.
	HUANG Z, ZHANG X, ZHANG T, et al. Prediction method of urban traffic vulnerable road under rainstorm and waterlogging environment. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Transportation Science&Engineering),2025,49(5):980-986.
[4]	ALABBAD Y, MOUNT J, CAMPBELL A, et al. Assessment of transportation system disruption and accessibility to critical amenities during flooding: Iowa case study. Science of the total environment, 2021, 793: 148476.
[5]	LI M, WANG F, KWAN M, et al. Equalizing the spatial accessibility of emergency medical service in Shanghai: A trade-off perspective. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 2022, 92: 101745.
[6]	LIU L, ZHAO Y, LYU H,et al.Spatial accessibility and equity evaluation of medical facilities based on improved 2SFCA: A case study in Xi'an, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2023, 20(3): 2076.
[7]	陶卓霖, 程杨. 两步移动搜寻法及其扩展形式研究进展. 地理科学进展, 2016, 35(5): 589-599.
	TAO Z, CHENG Y. Research progress on two-step mobile search method and its extended form . Progress in Geography, 2016, 35(5): 589-599.
[8]	拔芊,杜宁,刘勇,等.上海市医疗韧性设施的空间可达性研究.世界地理研究,2025,34(6):108-119.
	BA Q, DU N, LIU Y, et al. Spatial accessibility of medical resilient facilities in Shanghai. World Regional Studies, 2025,34(6):108-119.
[9]	马丽亚,修春亮.基于居民休闲出行的沈阳市公园绿地与居住地的匹配性研究.世界地理研究,2023,32(6):108-118.
	MA L, XIU C. Research on the matching of park green space and residential function in Shenyang based on the perspective of residents' leisure travel. World Regional Studies,2023,32(6):108-118.
[10]	LI Z, FAN Z, SONG Y, et al. Assessing equity in park accessibility using a travel behavior-based G2SFCA method in Nanjing, China. Journal of Transport Geography, 2021, 96: 103179.
[11]	骆雯,尹梦媛,祝明建,等.基于GIS网络分析法的广州市保障性住房人群绿地可达性研究.地理科学,2024,44(3):483-491.
	LUO W, YIN M, ZHU M, et al. Green space accessibility of affordable housing population in Guangzhou based on GIS network analysis method. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2024,44(3):483-491.
[12]	张金萍,林丹,周向丽,等.基于改进3SFCA的乡村地区公共医疗设施空间可达性与公平性评价:以海口市为例.地理科学进展,2022,41(4):636-647.
	ZHANG J, LIN D, ZHOU X, et al. Spatial accessibility and equality of public medical facilities in rural areas based on the improved 3SFCA: A case of Haikou City.Progress in Geography,2022,41(4):636-647.
[13]	杨文涛,苏文琪,雷炳烽,等.基于多源地理数据的城市健身场地精细尺度空间可达性分析.地理科学,2023,43(9):1559-1567.
	YANG W, SU W, LEI B, et al. Spatial accessibility analysis of urban fitness fields at the fine scale supported by multi-source geographic data. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2023,43(9):1559-1567.
[14]	WAN N, ZOU B, STERNBERG T. A three-step floating catchment area method for analyzing spatial access to health services. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2012,26(6):1073-1089.
[15]	李睿,王军,李梦雅.暴雨内涝情景下城市消防服务可达性的精细化评估.地理科学进展,2022,41(1):143-156.
	LI R, WANG J, LI M. Fine-resolution evaluation of urban fire service accessibility under the impact of a 100-year pluvial flood. Progress in Geography, 2022,41(1):143-156.
[16]	JIANG H, WANG Y, MA W, et al. Unlocking the nonlinear nexus: Accessibility of emergency resource and resident participation in flood response. Journal of Transport Geography, 2024, 118: 103926.
[17]	殷杰,许世远,经雅梦,等.基于洪涝情景模拟的城市公共服务灾害应急响应空间可达性评价——以医疗急救为例.地理学报,2018,73(09):1737-1747.
	YIN J, XU S, JING Y, et al. Evaluating the impact of fluvial flooding on emergency responses accessibility for a mega-city's public services: A case study of emergency medical service. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018,73(09):1737-1747.
[18]	SHI Y, YAO Q, WEN J, et al. A spatial accessibility assessment of urban tourist attractions emergency response in Shanghai. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2022, 74: 102919.
[19]	QIAO Y, WANG Y, JIN N, et al. Assessing flood risk to urban road users based on rainfall scenario simulations. Transportation research part D: Transport and environment, 2023, 123: 103919.
[20]	施加福,王昊,周晋军,等.城市内涝灾害对应急救援服务可达性的影响评估.水利水电技术(中英文),2024,55(2):27-38.
	SHI J, WANG H, ZHOU J, et al. Assessment of the impact of urban waterlogging disasters on the accessibility of emergency rescue services. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, 2024, 55(2): 27-38.
[21]	经雅梦,殷杰,叶明武,等.河流洪涝对城市公共安全应急响应能力的影响研究——以上海市外环以内中心城区为例.地理科学,2018,38(11):1924-1932.
	JING Y, YIN J, YE M, et al. Evaluating the impact of fluvial flooding on urban emergency response accessibility: A case study in the city center of Shanghai, China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018,38(11):1924-1932.
[22]	YANG Y, NG S, DAO J,et al.BIM-GIS-DCEs enabled vulnerability assessment of interdependent infrastructures:A case of stormwater drainage-building-road transport Nexus in urban flooding.Automation in Construction,2021,125: 103626.
[23]	张亚,刘纪平,王勇,等.顾及就医出行行为的医疗设施潜在与实际可达性对比研究.武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2024,49(10):1813-1823.
	ZHANG Y, LIU J, WANG Y, et al. A comparative study of the potential and revealed accessibility of medical facilities considering the medical travel behaviour. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2024,49(10):1813-1823.
[24]	郭琛琛,梁娟珠.基于网络地图的多交通模式医疗设施可达性分析.地球信息科学学报,2022,24(3):483-494.
	GUO C, LIANG J. Accessibility analysis of medical facilities based on multiple transportation modes of network map. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2022,24(3): 483-494.
[25]	LI M, KWAN M, CHEN J, et al. Measuring emergency medical service (EMS) accessibility with the effect of city dynamics in a 100-year pluvial flood scenario. Cities, 2021, 117: 103314.
[26]	ZHU S, JIANG Y, ZHANG J, et al. Evaluating the effect of urban flooding on spatial accessibility to emergency shelters based on social sensing data. Transactions in GIS, 2024, 28(1): 23-39.
[27]	张中浩,孙诗萌,汪雪,等.特大城市医疗公共服务可达性的空间格局及其影响因素分析——以上海市为例.地理科学,2022,42(4):622-630.
	ZHANG Z, SUN S, WANG X, et al. Spatial pattern of medical public services accessibility in megacities and its influencing factors: A case study of Shanghai. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2022,42(4):622-630.
[28]	经历郑州暴雨的120 -中青在线. 2022-03-27. . [120-Zhongqing Online who experienced heavy rain in Zhengzhou. 2022-03-27. ]
[29]	CHEN Y, XU C, GE Y, et al. A 100-m gridded population dataset of China's seventh census using ensemble learning and geospatial big data. Earth System Science Data Discussions, 2024, 2024: 1-19.
[30]	张宸铭,范钦栋,李延锋,等.暴雨内涝情景下城市路网通行效率变化与修复策略——以郑州7·20暴雨灾害为例.经济地理,2022,42(7): 62-72.
	ZHANG C, FAN Q, LI Y, et al. The traffic efficiency evaluation of urban road network before and after the rainstorm disaster and its repairing strategy: A case study of the 7·20 rainstorm disaster in Zhengzhou. Economic Geography, 2022, 42(7): 62-72.