当代中印边界问题的尺度解构

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2024.08.20230476

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中印边界问题是中印关系发展的重大障碍。目前，国内外有关中印边界问题的研究对地理因素关注不足，缺少多行为体、多尺度的综合分析，难以把握中印边界问题的本质特征和整体态势。本文提出多尺度地缘政治分析框架，分析多尺度、多主体共同作用下当代中印边界问题的竞争本质。主要结论为：当代中印边界问题是多尺度空间叠加、多主体权力博弈的复杂问题；在全球尺度上，中印边界问题是美国和印度东西互动遏制中国包围圈的重要组成部分；在南亚区域尺度上，中印边界问题是印度及其伙伴国制衡中国在南亚地区影响力扩大的陆上封锁线；在中印双边尺度上，印度将中印边界问题作为谋求对中国陆上优势的战略支点；在国家内部尺度上，中印边界问题是中印两国边界转化机制的竞争；在边境地区尺度上，中印边界问题是两国对边境地区有效管理能力的竞争。国家内部尺度是中印边界问题的核心尺度，但在该尺度上，两国达成合理妥协的可能性短期内仍很小，全球、南亚和中印双边尺度目前的态势不利于中印边界问题的合理解决，边境地区尺度是很长一段时间内中印边界问题的最主要着力点。

关键词: 中印边界问题, 多尺度分析, 地缘政治, 行为体, 权力博弈

Abstract:

The China-India border dispute is the biggest obstacle to the development of China-India relations. The existing studies on the China-India border dispute do not pay enough attention to geographical factors and lack comprehensive analysis of multi-agent and multi-scale, so it is difficult to grasp the essential characteristics and overall situation of the China-India border issue. This paper proposes a multi-scale geopolitical analysis framework to analyze the competitive nature of contemporary China-India border dispute under the joint action of multi-scale and multi-agent. The main conclusion is that the contemporary China-India border dispute is a complex problem caused by multi-scale spatial superposition and multi-agent power game. On the global scale, the China-India border dispute is an important part of the strategic interaction between the United States and India to contain China; At the regional scale of South Asia, China-India border dispute is a land blockade for India and its partner countries to restrict China's expansion of influence in South Asia; On the bilateral scale of China and India, India regards the China-India border dispute as a strategic fulcrum to seek land advantages over China, and tries to gain strategic advantages over China on both land and sea; At the national internal scale, the China-India border dispute is a competition between China and India in the border transformation mechanism; At the border area scale, the China-India border dispute is a competition between the two countries in terms of their ability to effectively manage border areas. The national internal scale is the core scale that determines the China-India border dispute, but the possibility of the two countries reaching a reasonable compromise on this scale is still very small in the short term. The current situation of the global, South Asian region, and bilateral scale is not conducive to a rational solution of the China-India border dispute. The border area scale is the main focus of the China-India border dispute for a long time.

Key words: China-India border dispute, multi-scale analysis, geopolitics, actors, power game

黄宇, 陈浩, 葛岳静. 当代中印边界问题的尺度解构[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(8): 14-26.

Yu HUANG, Hao CHEN, Yuejing GE. Scale deconstruction of contemporary China-India border dispute[J]. World Regional Studies, 2024, 33(8): 14-26.

图/表 3

参考文献 46

1	吴兆礼. 中印边界问题困境、解决难点与未来前景∥谢伏瞻.中国周边关系蓝皮书:中国与周边国家关系发展报告( 2021). 北京:社会科学文献出版社,2021:210-231.
	WU Z. The dilemma,difficulties and future prospects of the Sino-Indian border dispute∥XIE F. China's Peripheral Relations Bluebook: Report on the Development of China's Relations with Neighboring Countries( 2021). Beijing: Social Science Literature Publishing House,2021:210-231.
2	张文木. 青藏高原与中国整体安全--兼谈青藏高原对"一带一路"关键线路的安全保障作用.太平洋学报, 2017, 25(6):1-16.
	ZHANG W. Tibetan Plateau and China's Holistic Security: An Analysis of Tibetan Plateau's Role in Safeguarding Critical Routes of the Belt and Road. Pacific Journal, 2017, 25(6):1-16.
3	TORPEY C. The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
4	LAINE P, 吴寅姗, 张丽屏, 等. 当代全球化背景下的边界和边界景观. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(12):1531-1539.
	LAINE P, WU Y, ZAHNG L, et al. Borders and borderscapes under contemporary globalization. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(12):1531-1539.
5	GALLAHER C, DAHLMAN T, GILMARTIN M, et al. Key Concepts in Political Geography. New York:Sage Publications Ltd, 2009.
6	ALIMIA S. Performing the Afghanistan–Pakistan border through refugee ID cards. Geopolitics, 2019, 24(2):391-425.
7	LOHNERT M. Security is a 'Mental Game' : The psychology of bordering checkposts in Pakistan. Geopolitics, 2019, 24(2):366-390.
8	ROSIÈRE R. Teichopolitics: Re-considering globalisation through the role of walls and fences. Geopolitics, 2012, 17(1):217-234.
9	LÓPEZ-SALA A. Exploring dissuasion as a (Geo)political instrument in irregular migration control at the southern Spanish Maritime border. Geopolitics, 2015, 20(3):513-534.
10	EICK V. Glocal pacification by vertical means: The case of droneland policing. Geopolitics, 2019, 24(4):811-838.
11	TORPEY J. The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
12	MCNEVIN A. Political belonging in a neoliberal era: The struggle of the sanspapiers. Citizenship Studies, 2006, 10(2):35-151.
13	GELLNER D. Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia. Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2013.
14	CONS J, SANYAL R. Geographies at the margins: Borders in South Asia-an introduction. Political Geography, 2013, 35:5-13.
15	GUYOT-RÉCHARD B. The fear of being compared: State-shadowing in the Himalayas, 1910-62. Political Geography, 2019, 75:102050.
16	吕昭义, 柳树. 中国领土主权的宣示——赵尔丰察隅境域"护照"考释.中国边疆史地研究, 2022, 32(1):158-171.
	LYU Z, LIU S. Declaration of China's territorial sovereignty-Exploration of the "passport" issued by Zhao Erfeng in Chayu Area. China's Borderland History and Geography Studies, 2022, 32(1):158-171.
17	郝晓光, 徐汉卿, 胡小刚, 等. 中国地图上的藏南地名补白研究. 大地测量与地球动力学, 2010, 30(1):66-68.
	HAO X, XU H, HU X, et al. On filler of place names in south Tibeton map of China. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics, 2010, 30(1):66-68.
18	戴超武.中印边界问题学术史述评(1956～2013).史学月刊,2014,408(10):91-115.
	DAI C. The Sino-Indian Boundary Questions: A Critical Historiography (1956～2013). Journal of Historical Science,2014,408(10):91-115.
19	吕昭义. 英属印度与中国西南边疆:1774-1911.云南:云南大学出版社,2015.[LYU Z. British India and the Southwest Frontier of China: 1774-1911. Yunnan: Yunnan University Press, 2015.]
20	孟庆龙. 中印边界冲突中的英国因素.当代中国史研究,2015, 22(1):122.
	MENG Q. The British Factor in the Sino-Indian Border Conflict. Contemporary China History Studies, 2015, 22(1):122.
21	叶海林. 自我认知、关系认知与策略互动——对中印边界争端的博弈分析.世界经济与政治,2020(11):4-23.
	YE H. Self Recognition,Relationship Cognition and Strategic Interactions: An Analysis on the Escalation of the China-India Border Dispute from the Perspective of Game Theory. World Economics and Politics, 2020(11):4-23.
22	赵玙佳.洞朗冲突之后中印关系将长期在摩擦中发展.国际政治科学, 2017,2(4):156-157.
	ZHAO Y. After the Doklam Conflict,Sino-Indian Relations Will Develop in Friction in the Long Term. Quarterly Journal of International Politics, 2017, 2(4):156-157.
23	邓红英. 论印度民族主义对中印边界争端升级的影响.武汉大学学报(人文科学版), 2015, 68(3): 117-122.
	DENG H. The Impact of Indian Nationalism on the Escalation of the Sino-Indian Border Dispute. Wuhan University Journal of Humanity and Social Science, 2015, 68(3): 117-122.
24	康民军. "约翰逊线"及其在中印边界争端中的地位.首都师范大学学报(社会科学版),2004(4): 20-26.
	KANG M. Try to Analyze the Origin of "the Johnson Line" and Its Position in Sino-Indian Border Dispute. Journal of Captal Normal University(Social Science Edition), 2004(4): 20-26.
25	PETERSON D, PARKER V. Ecological Scale:Theory and Application. Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1998.
26	TAYLOR P. A materialist framework for political geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1982, 7(1):15-34.
27	SMITH N. Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space (Second Edition). Cambridge: Blackwell, 1990.
28	刘云刚, 王丰龙. 三鹿奶粉事件的尺度政治分析. 地理学报, 2011, 66(10):1368-1378.
	LIU Y, WANG F. Politics of scale in "Sanlu-Milk powder Scandal". Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(10):1368-1378.
29	刘云刚, 王丰龙. 尺度的人文地理内涵与尺度政治——基于1980年代以来英语圈人文地理学的尺度研究. 人文地理, 2011, 26(3):1-6.
	LIU Y, WANG F. Concept of scale in human geography and politics of scale. Human Geography, 2011, 26(3):1-6
30	王丰龙, 刘云刚. 尺度概念的演化与尺度的本质: 基于二次抽象的尺度认识论. 人文地理, 2015, 30(1):9-15.
	WANG F, LIU Y. An nalytical framework of scale based on second abstraction. Human Geography, 2015, 30(1):9-15.
31	倪世雄. 当代西方国际关系理论.上海: 复旦大学出版社, 2001.
	NI S. Contemporary Western Theory of International Relations. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2001.
32	宋长青, 葛岳静,刘云刚, 等.从地缘关系视角解析"一带一路"的行动路径.地理研究, 2018, 37(1):3-19.
	SONG C, GE Y, LIU Y, et al. Undertaking research on Belt and Road Initiative from the geo-relation perspective. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(1):3-19.
33	王丰龙. 地缘环境评估中的尺度陷阱. 人文地理, 2022, 37(2):24-30.
	WANG F. Scale traps in assessment of geo-setting. Human Geography, 2022, 37(2)24-30.
34	曹鹏鹏, 冯怀信. 重复博弈、复合竞争与中印边界的互动态势.南亚研究, 2022(2):63-85.
	CAO P, FENG H. Repeated Games, Complex Competition and Dynamics on the Sino-India Border. South Asia, 2022(2):63-85.
35	SECRETARY OF DEFENSE. Indo-pacific strategy. Washington: Secretary of Defense, 2022.
36	吴琳. 印度对中美竞争的认知与应对.国际问题研究, 2020(4):62-81.
	WU L. India's View on and Response to China-US Competition. International Studies,2020(4):62-81.
37	张贵洪. 巴基斯坦的战略地位与中巴关系的未来.南亚研究季刊, 2011(2):14-18.
	ZHANG G. Pakistan's Strategic Position and the Future of Sino-Pakistan Relations. South Asian Studies Quarterly, 2011(2):14-18.
38	林民旺. 南亚的地缘政治博弈及其战略格局的演进.(2020-05-06)[2023-07-19]. .
	LIN M. The Geopolitics Game in South Asia and Its Evolving.(2020-05-06)[2023-07-19]. .
39	宋德星. 南亚地缘政治构造与印度的安全战略.南亚研究, 2004(1): 20-26.
	SONG D. Geopolitical Structure in South Asia and India's Security Strategy. South Asian Studies, 2004(1): 20-26.
40	张文木. 世界地缘政治体系中心区域的大国政治——兼论印度与中国安全合作的战略互补意义. 太平洋学报, 2010, 18(3):38-50.
	ZHANG W. The Great Power Politics in the Center of World Geopolitics System—Concurrently Discuss the Meaning of Strategic Complementarities between India and China Security Cooperation. Pacific Journal, 2010, 18(2):38-50.
41	李云泉.明清朝贡制度研究.广州: 暨南大学, 2003.
	LI Y. Study on the Ming and Ching Tributary System. Guangzhou:Jinan University, 2003.
42	DIENER A, HAGEN J. Borders: A very short introduction. Oxford City: Oxford University Press, 2012.
43	DONALDSON J. Politics and scale in boundary-m1aking: the work of boundary commissions. Journal of Historical Geography, 2008, 34(3):393-396.
44	AGRAWAL A, KUMAR V. Cartographic conflicts within a union: Finding land for Nagaland in India. Political Geography, 2017, 61:123-147.
45	RAO N. The Fractured Himalaya: India China Tibet, 1949-1962. Viking (Penguin), Gurugram, 2021, 46: 336-338.
46	王文佳, 汪伟民. 印度战略界对华策略论争研究. 社会科学, 2021(10):28-46.
	WANG W, WANG W. A study of India's strategic debates on China. Journal of Social Sciences, 2021(10):28-46.

尺度	地理要素	行为体	利益诉求	边界竞争实质	边界形态
全球	印太地缘格局	中印两国、印太地区大国	推动有利于各自的印太格局	印太地区战略体系竞争	遏制/反遏制包围圈的组成部分
南亚区域	南亚地缘格局	中印两国、南亚国家	增强各自的地区影响力	中印南亚影响力竞争	影响力扩大的封锁/反封锁线
中印双边	中印国力对比、海陆分布	中印两国	谋求各自的安全战略优势	中印海陆战略优势竞争	海陆战略协调的支点区
国家内部	国家内部地理结构	国内团体	推动各自的划界主张	边界转化和国家建构合法性竞争	多条划界主张线
边境地区	边境地理特征	地方政府、边防部队、边民	巩固和争夺边境空间	边境地区有效管理能力竞争	网络多孔、相互重叠与渗透

尺度	地理要素	行为体	利益诉求	边界竞争实质	边界形态
全球	印太地缘格局	中印两国、印太地区大国	推动有利于各自的印太格局	印太地区战略体系竞争	遏制/反遏制包围圈的组成部分
南亚区域	南亚地缘格局	中印两国、南亚国家	增强各自的地区影响力	中印南亚影响力竞争	影响力扩大的封锁/反封锁线
中印双边	中印国力对比、海陆分布	中印两国	谋求各自的安全战略优势	中印海陆战略优势竞争	海陆战略协调的支点区
国家内部	国家内部地理结构	国内团体	推动各自的划界主张	边界转化和国家建构合法性竞争	多条划界主张线
边境地区	边境地理特征	地方政府、边防部队、边民	巩固和争夺边境空间	边境地区有效管理能力竞争	网络多孔、相互重叠与渗透

[1]	丁嘉铖, 孔德明, 肖宸瑄, 郝丽莎. 产业链视角下全球光伏产业贸易格局演变特征研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(7): 1-17.
[2]	徐宏基, 刘云刚, 王丰龙. 超越国家中心主义：乌克兰去中心化改革中的尺度政治[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(6): 39-54.
[3]	赵昌, 马志香. 澳大利亚对亚洲地缘认知的时代变迁、演进逻辑与未来发展[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(6): 55-63.
[4]	王旭, 梁沁仪, 解其昌. 能源转型的地缘政治影响研究进展[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(5): 31-44.
[5]	杜树坤, 张晶, 韩志军, 王琳洁, 唐代红. 基于GDELT事件数据的东南亚国家地缘政治风险测度与分析[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(4): 13-23.
[6]	王春娟, 刘大海, 华玉婷, 李成龙. 北极航道地缘政治格局圈层结构及其竞合关系分析[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(3): 29-39.
[7]	陈秀红, 胡志丁, 叶倩源, 牛福长. 后冷战时期阿富汗暴力冲突的时空演变及行为体互动特征研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(2): 40-52.
[8]	宫高杰, 王雪. “三海倡议”下中国-中东欧合作的困境与发展[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(1): 33-42.
[9]	曹开臣, 胡伟, 葛岳静, 富宁宁, 胡志丁, 李灿松, 叶帅, 胡渊. “21世纪海上丝绸之路”沿线地缘环境及其对中国的影响[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(6): 39-50.
[10]	潘玥, 宋涛, 李富玉. 多尺度地缘政治要素推拉作用下的印度尼西亚迁都计划研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(11): 57-68.
[11]	解楠楠, 胡卫东. 欧盟邻近区域战略逻辑与趋向：从规范导向到安全导向[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(11): 69-81.
[12]	安宁, 张博. 地缘政治视角下的跨境移民和族裔社区研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2022, 31(6): 1119-1129.
[13]	叶淑兰. 南海地缘战略逻辑演进与南海命运共同体建构[J]. 世界地理研究, 2022, 31(4): 687-699.
[14]	陈浩, 朱立平, 陈发虎. 世界史视角下青藏高原对我国的地缘安全屏障作用[J]. 世界地理研究, 2022, 31(1): 1-11.
[15]	闫晓燕, 武友德, 曹洪华. 基于地缘政治学视角的缅甸内战与毒品经济相互关系解析[J]. 世界地理研究, 2021, 30(4): 721-731.