Sustainable development assessment in South African coastal areas

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2023.06.2021119

Abstract

Abstract:

South Africa is an important partner of China's cooperation with Africa in the "Belt and Road" Initiative. Analyzing the sustainable development of South African coastal areas will provide a reference for high-quality cooperation between China and South Africa. Combining remote sensing data and statistical data, a sustainable development assessment index system was constructed based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) model to analysis the level of sustainable development and differences in the coastal areas of South Africa from 2002 to 2018. The research results show that: (1) The pressure, status, and response factors of various regions increased from 2002 to 2018, the pressure index values of KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape provinces were higher than those of other regions; the state index values of each region remained relatively stable and increase, and the Namakwa District was obviously different from other regions, less than half of other provinces; among the response index values, the Namakwa District and Western Cape province had improved rapidly, and the regional gap has gradually narrowed. (2) The level of sustainable development in South Africa coastal areas increased from 0.460 to 0.529 from 2002 to 2018.The regional difference in the level of sustainable development continued to shrink, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal province ranked high by the comprehensive sustainable development index, and the sustainable development of coastal regions were constantly improving. The coastal areas of South Africa had enormous potential for sustainable development, and Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal province may be the ideal areas for China-South Africa cooperation in the "Belt and Road".

Key words: pressure-state-response (PSR) model, comprehensive evaluation, sustainable development, coastal areas of South Africa

摘要：

南非是中国“一带一路”倡议中对非合作的重要伙伴。除以约翰内斯堡为中心的豪登省之外，南非经济主要集中在沿海地区，分析南非沿海地区的可持续发展可为中南高质量合作提供借鉴。结合遥感数据与社会经济统计数据，基于压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型构建了可持续发展的评价指标体系，采用定量方法，对2002—2018年南非沿海地区的可持续发展水平及区域内各省区可持续发展差异进行长时段多维度的综合评价与分析。研究发现：（1）2002—2018年各区域压力、状态、响应因子值总体呈上升趋势；夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省与东开普省压力因子值高于其他地区；各区域状态因子值保持相对稳定，但西部沿海的纳马夸区与其他省份差异显著，状态因子值不到其他省份的1/2；响应因子中纳马夸区与西开普省等西部沿海地区提升最为显著，区域差距逐渐缩小。（2）2002—2018年南非沿海地区可持续发展水平从0.460增加到0.529；可持续发展水平区域差异不断缩小，东开普省、夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省可持续发展综合指数排名靠前，可持续发展水平呈不断提升的态势。南非沿海地区可持续发展潜力巨大，东开普省、夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省或可成为“一带一路”建设与中南合作中的优势区域。

关键词: 压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型, 综合评价, 可持续发展, 南非沿海地区

Yun XING, Guoen WEI, Zhenke ZHANG, Binglin LIU. Sustainable development assessment in South African coastal areas[J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(6): 77-86.

邢赟, 魏国恩, 张振克, 刘柄麟. 南非沿海地区可持续发展评价研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(6): 77-86.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 Geographical location of study region

Tab.1 Indices system and weights for evaluating sustainable development in South African coastal areas

目标层	项目层及权重	指标层、单位及趋向	$w j$	$w' j$	数据来源
可持续发展水平	压力(0.232)	人口年增长率/%（－）	0.032	0.137	南非统计局人口统计模块南非统计局人口统计模块南非统计局人口统计模块
		人口密度/（人/ km²）（－）	0.021	0.089
		城镇化率/%（－）	0.034	0.147
		垦殖指数/%（－）	0.040	0.172	土地利用分类数据遥感解译
		农业经济密度/（万兰特/km²）（－）	0.012	0.050	《南非统计年鉴》
		化肥施用强度/（kg/公顷）（－）	0.046	0.199	KNOEMA能源指标数据集
		一次能源消耗量/亿吨油当量（－）	0.023	0.100	KNOEMA环境指标数据集 KNOEMA环境指标数据集
		二氧化碳排放量/吨（－）	0.024	0.105	KNOEMA环境指标数据集 KNOEMA环境指标数据集
	状态(0.449)	植被覆盖率/%（+）	0.075	0.166	土地利用分类数据遥感解译土地利用分类数据遥感解译土地利用分类数据遥感解译土地利用分类数据遥感解译
		多样性指数（+）	0.084	0.187
		均匀度指数（+）	0.099	0.221
		沿海荒漠裸地占比/%（－）	0.070	0.155
		第三产业占GDP比重/%（+）	0.121	0.270	《南非统计年鉴》
	响应(0.319)	保护区面积比/%（+）	0.039	0.123	E-GIS环境保护区数据集
		植被覆盖增长率/%（+）	0.007	0.023	土地利用分类数据遥感解译
		环保投入占财政支出比例/%（+）	0.060	0.190	《南非统计年鉴》《南非统计年鉴》《南非统计年鉴》
		教育投入占财政支出比例/%（+）	0.044	0.140
		政府财政支出增速/%（+）	0.062	0.194
		政府应对MDGs/SDGs的响应程度（无）（+）	0.106	0.332	南非政府网法律模块

Tab.1 Indices system and weights for evaluating sustainable development in South African coastal areas

目标层	项目层及权重	指标层、单位及趋向	$w j$	$w' j$	数据来源
可持续发展水平	压力(0.232)	人口年增长率/%（－）	0.032	0.137	南非统计局人口统计模块南非统计局人口统计模块南非统计局人口统计模块
		人口密度/（人/ km²）（－）	0.021	0.089
		城镇化率/%（－）	0.034	0.147
		垦殖指数/%（－）	0.040	0.172	土地利用分类数据遥感解译
		农业经济密度/（万兰特/km²）（－）	0.012	0.050	《南非统计年鉴》
		化肥施用强度/（kg/公顷）（－）	0.046	0.199	KNOEMA能源指标数据集
		一次能源消耗量/亿吨油当量（－）	0.023	0.100	KNOEMA环境指标数据集 KNOEMA环境指标数据集
		二氧化碳排放量/吨（－）	0.024	0.105	KNOEMA环境指标数据集 KNOEMA环境指标数据集
	状态(0.449)	植被覆盖率/%（+）	0.075	0.166	土地利用分类数据遥感解译土地利用分类数据遥感解译土地利用分类数据遥感解译土地利用分类数据遥感解译
		多样性指数（+）	0.084	0.187
		均匀度指数（+）	0.099	0.221
		沿海荒漠裸地占比/%（－）	0.070	0.155
		第三产业占GDP比重/%（+）	0.121	0.270	《南非统计年鉴》
	响应(0.319)	保护区面积比/%（+）	0.039	0.123	E-GIS环境保护区数据集
		植被覆盖增长率/%（+）	0.007	0.023	土地利用分类数据遥感解译
		环保投入占财政支出比例/%（+）	0.060	0.190	《南非统计年鉴》《南非统计年鉴》《南非统计年鉴》
		教育投入占财政支出比例/%（+）	0.044	0.140
		政府财政支出增速/%（+）	0.062	0.194
		政府应对MDGs/SDGs的响应程度（无）（+）	0.106	0.332	南非政府网法律模块

Tab.2 Indices calculation instructions

指标	计算方法
垦殖指数	区域耕地面积/区域面积
植被覆盖率	区域林地和草地面积/区域面积
多样性指数	$∑ i = 1 m P i × l n P i$
均匀度指数	$Η ∕ Η m a x$

Tab.2 Indices calculation instructions

指标	计算方法
垦殖指数	区域耕地面积/区域面积
植被覆盖率	区域林地和草地面积/区域面积
多样性指数	$∑ i = 1 m P i × l n P i$
均匀度指数	$Η ∕ Η m a x$

Fig.2 Pressure index of sustainable development in South African coastal areas

Fig.3 State index of sustainable development in South African coastal areas

Fig. 4 Response index of sustainable development in South African coastal areas

Fig.5 Comprehensive index for sustainable development in South African coastal areas from 2002 to 2018

Fig. 6 Comprehensive index for sustainable development in South African coastal areas

References 26

1	关婷, 薛澜. 世界各国是如何执行全球可持续发展目标(SDGs)的? 中国人口·资源与环境,2019,29(1):11-20.
	GUAN T, XUE L. How the SDGs are implemented in different countries? China Population Resources and Environment,2019,29(1):11-20.
2	DIOP S, SCHEREN P A. Sustainable oceans and coasts: Lessons learnt from Eastern and Western Africa Estuarine. Coastal and Shelf Science, 2016, 183:327-339.
3	BERTOCCI I, DELL'ANNO A, MUSCO L, et al. Multiple human pressures in coastal habitats: Variation of meiofaunal assemblages associated with sewage discharge in a post-industrial area. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,655:1218-1231.
4	COLENBRANDER D. Dissonant discourses: Revealing South Africa's policy-to-praxis challenges in the governance of coastal risk and vulnerability. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2019, 62(10):1782-1801.
5	FOURIE W. Aligning South Africa's national development plan with the 2030 Agenda's sustainable development Goals: Guidelines from the policy coherence for development movement. Sustainable Development,2018,26(6):765-771.
6	ROSENDO S, CELLIERS L, MECHISSO M, et al. Doing more with the same: A reality-check on the ability of local government to implement Integrated Coastal Management for climate change adaptation. Marine Policy,2018:29-39.
7	SMITHWICK E A H. Carbon stocks and biodiversity of coastal lowland forests in South Africa: Implications for aligning sustainable development and carbon mitigation initiatives. Carbon Management,2019,10(4):349-360.
8	ZAMAN K, ABDULLAH A BIN, KHAN A, et al. Dynamic linkages among energy consumption, environment, health and wealth in BRICS countries: Green growth key to sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,56:1263-1271.
9	HAYWOOD L K, FUNKE N, AUDOUIN M, et al. The Sustainable Development Goals in South Africa: Investigating the need for multi-stakeholder partnerships. Development Southern Africa,2019,36(5):555-569.
10	NILSSON M, GRIGGS D, VISBECK M. Policy: Map the interactions between Sustainable Development Goals. Nature,2016,534:320-322.
11	SWILLING M, MUSANGO J, WAKEFORD J. Developmental states and sustainability transitions: Prospects of a just transition in South Africa. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning,2016,18(5):650-672.
12	李佳芮, 张峰, 曹英志, 等. 基于PSR模型的海岛地区可持续发展评价研究——以长岛县为例. 海洋开发与管理, 2019,36(1):75-82.
	LI J, ZHANG F, CAO Y, et al. Sustainable development evaluation of island area based on PSR model: A case study of Changdao county. Ocean Development and Management, 2019,36(1):75-82.
13	刘娴. 基于空间密度算子的区域可持续发展评价研究. 南昌:南昌大学, 2020.
	LIU X. Research on evaluation of regional sustainable development based on space density operator. Nanchang: Nanchang University,2020.
14	张含朔, 程钰, 孙艺璇. 面向SDGs的OECD成员国可持续发展水平测度及时空演变研究:1995—2017年.世界地理研究,2021,30(1):37-47.
	ZHANG H, CHENG Y, SUN Y. Measurement of sustainable development level and spatial temporal evolution of OECD member countries in the context of SDGs: 1995-2017. World Regional Studies,2021,30 (1):37-47.
15	孙晓, 刘旭升, 李锋,等. 中国不同规模城市可持续发展综合评价. 生态学报, 2016, 36(17):5590-5600.
	SUN X, LIU X, LI F, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of sustainable development for different scale cities in China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016,36(17):5590-5600.
16	谢花林, 刘曲, 姚冠荣, 等. 基于 PSR 模型的区域土地利用可持续性水平测度——以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例. 资源科学, 2015 (3): 449-457.
	XIE H, LIU Q, YAO G, et al. Measuring regional land use sustainability of the Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone based on PSR modeling. Resources Science, 2015 (3): 449-457.
17	王振波, 梁龙武, 方创琳, 等. 京津冀特大城市群生态安全格局时空演变特征及其影响因素. 生态学报, 2018, 38(12):4132-4144.
	WANG Z, LIANG L, FANG C, et al. Study of the evolution and factors influencing ecological security of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018,38(12):4132-4144.
18	檀菲菲, 陆兆华. 基于NLPCA-GSO可持续发展评价——以环渤海区域为例. 生态学报, 2016, 36(8):2403-2412.
	TAN F, LI Z. Sustainable development assessment based on NLPCA-GSO: A case study of the Bohai Rim region. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016,36(8):2403-2412.
19	SILVA J D, FERNANDES V, LIMONT M, et al. Sustainable development assessment from a capitals perspective: Analytical structure and indicator selection criteria. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020, 260:110147.
20	ALTAMIRANO-AVILA A, MARTÍNEZ M. Urban sustainability assessment of five Latin American Cities by using SDEWES index. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 287:125495.
21	HEIDECKE C. Development and Evaluation of a Regional Water Poverty Index for Benin.Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2006.
22	刘大海, 宫伟, 邢文秀, 等. 基于 AHP-熵权法的海岛海岸带脆弱性评价指标权重综合确定方法. 海洋环境科学, 2015, 34(3): 462-467.
	LIU D, GONG W, XING W, et al. Comprehensive method for determining the weights of vulnerability assessment indexes on islands and the coastal zone based on the AHP weight method and entropy weight method. Marine Environmental Science, 2015, 34(3): 462-467.
23	冯惠娟, 杨海娟. 基于压力-状态-响应模型的榆林市可持续发展评价及预测.水土保持通报, 2013,33(4):64-69.
	FENG H, YANG H. Sustainable development of Yulin city and its evaluation and forecast by pressure-state-response model. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2013,33(4):64-69.
24	廖志杰, 刘岳. 中国区域可持续发展水平及其空间分布特征. 地理学报, 2000(2):139-150.
	LIAO Z, LIU Y. Comprehensive indexes and spatial distribution characteristics of the regional sustainable development of China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2000(2):139-150.
25	ZHANG F, ZHANG J, WU R, et al. Ecosystem health assessment based on DPSIRM framework and health distance model in Nansi Lake, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 2016, 30(4):1235-1247.
26	任航, 童瑞凤, 张振克,等. 南非海洋经济发展现状与中国-南非海洋经济合作展望. 世界地理研究, 2018(4):137-145.
	REN H, TONG R, ZHANG Z. Marine economy development in South Africa and prospects for Sino-South Africa marine economic cooperation. World Regional Studies, 2018(4):137-145.

[1]	Han CHU, Dixiang XIE, Jiang CHANG. Environmental gentrification research in foreign countries: Progress and implications [J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(4): 170-180.
[2]	Qingyu SHI, Jinhe ZHANG, Feng SUN, Yaru WANG. Diachronic analysis on the ecological footprint of tourism waste in Huangshan Scenic Spot [J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(1): 150-161.
[3]	Jianmei HU, Jie HAO, Yibo ZHANG, Chao ZHANG. The spatial evolution of China's foreign aid [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(3): 454-464.
[4]	Jiarui LIANG, Cuihong MA. The definition, theoretical basis of the blue economic channel and China's path to safeguard the blue economic channel [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(3): 611-619.
[5]	Hanshuo ZHANG, Yu CHENG, Yixuan SUN. Measurement of sustainable development level and spatial-temporal evolution of OECD member countries in the context of SDGs: 1995-2017 [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(1): 37-47.