Research on the effect of urban blue space on the residents' health:

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2023.12.20211116

Abstract

Abstract:

Urban blue space that residents contact or use in daily life, has been consistently linked to better health outcome. Based on Citespace, a total 972 papers from 2000 to 2020 in Scopus database were visually analyzed in the following four aspects: literature distribution characteristics, research hotspots, research trend and research contents. The search scope was concentrated in geography, sociology, environmental science, medicine and other disciplines, and searching key words were "blue space", "health", "potential mechanism", etc. The findings are as follows. Firstly, the effect of blue space on the residents' health has drawn increasingly extensive attention, and papers are mainly concentrated in America, the United Kingdom, etc. Secondly, research hotspots have been focused on five topics like blue space type, health impact of blue space, mechanism of blue space on health, health impact difference among different groups, and the policy planning relevance. Thirdly, research trend is from early exploration to the current topic diversification, and gradually to micro-refinement development. Fourth, this paper classifies the research contents into five parts including blue space exposure measurement, impact of urban blue space on residents' health, path and mechanism, group differences, and water planning design and active intervention policy. It is expected to provide scientific reference in enhancing research and practice of "healthy city" and "healthy communities".

Key words: urban blue space, health, research review, CiteSpace

摘要：

城市水环境是指居民在日常生活中接触或使用的城市蓝色空间水体，能够影响居民身心健康。基于CiteSpace软件，从文献分布特征、研究热点、研究趋势和研究内容方面切入，检索学科范围集中在地理学、社会学、环境科学、医学等，以“水环境”“健康”“潜在机制”等作为检索关键词，最终选取Scopus数据库中2000—2020年的972篇文献进行可视化分析。研究发现：1）国外城市水环境与居民健康的研究关注度持续上升，文献归属地区主要集中在英、美等国家；2）城市水环境类型、城市水环境对居民健康的影响、城市水环境影响健康的机制、不同群体的健康影响差异、政策规划启示等是研究热点；3）研究趋势从早期探索到目前的主题多元化，并逐渐向微观精细化发展；4）研究内容分为城市水环境暴露水平度量、城市水环境对居民健康的影响研究、影响路径与机制、群体差异、增进健康的水体规划设计和主动干预政策五方面。本文可为中国健康城市、健康社区的研究和实践提供参考。

关键词: 城市水环境, 健康, 研究综述, CiteSpace

Yujie CHEN, Yuan YUAN, Ye LIU. Research on the effect of urban blue space on the residents' health:[J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(12): 142-154.

陈玉洁, 袁媛, 刘晔. 城市水环境对居民健康影响的研究进展与启示[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(12): 142-154.

Figures/Tables 9

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测度指标	测度方法	优缺点
归一化水指数	基于遥感影像，计算缓冲区内的水体数量	客观指标，可计算不同缓冲区范围水体数量，但建筑物和土壤易与水体混淆，受冰雪、薄云和山体阴影影响较大
水体比重	基于土地利用数据，采用GIS方法计算缓冲区内水体面积	客观指标，可计算不同缓冲区范围水体数量，但数据来源存在滞后性
人均水域面积	基于土地利用数据，计算缓冲区内水体面积除以所在缓冲区人口数量	客观指标，考虑缓冲区内的人口信息，但数据来源存在滞后性
垂直可见度	基于遥感影像和土地利用数据，根据坡度、高程、距离等计算缓冲范围内水环境视域范围	客观指标，考虑了坡度、高程、距离等因素，但不适用于内陆、水资源较少地区
可达性	基于遥感影像、土地利用、问卷等数据，测度水环境的邻近性	主客观指标，可达性测量方式多样化，可能存在结果不一致
非直接暴露	问卷问题，如是否在居住社区看到水环境	主观指标，受到个人主观因素的影响
偶然接触	问卷问题，如是否在通勤时看到滨水景观	主观指标，存在指标映射内容偏误和指标值的偏差，未考虑暴露时长
环境质量	基于环境公报等，获取水质分类数据	客观指标，可能存在数据获取难的情况，如小尺度水环境水质数据较难获取
水环境配套设施	问卷问题，如水环境附近是否有便民设施（如洗手间、停车位等）	主观指标，能够体现水环境的公共需求，但受个人主观的影响较大
在水环境的活动性	问卷问题，如在附近水环境的活动强度（高中低）	主观指标，能够测度水环境所带来的健康影响，但受到个人主观的影响
在水环境的持续时长	问卷问题，如在附近水环境休息娱乐所用时间	主观指标，能够测度暴露时长，但受到个人主观因素的影响
水环境满意度	问卷问题，如对附近水环境的满意度	主观指标，但评价者之间可能存在较大差异

测度指标	测度方法	优缺点
归一化水指数	基于遥感影像，计算缓冲区内的水体数量	客观指标，可计算不同缓冲区范围水体数量，但建筑物和土壤易与水体混淆，受冰雪、薄云和山体阴影影响较大
水体比重	基于土地利用数据，采用GIS方法计算缓冲区内水体面积	客观指标，可计算不同缓冲区范围水体数量，但数据来源存在滞后性
人均水域面积	基于土地利用数据，计算缓冲区内水体面积除以所在缓冲区人口数量	客观指标，考虑缓冲区内的人口信息，但数据来源存在滞后性
垂直可见度	基于遥感影像和土地利用数据，根据坡度、高程、距离等计算缓冲范围内水环境视域范围	客观指标，考虑了坡度、高程、距离等因素，但不适用于内陆、水资源较少地区
可达性	基于遥感影像、土地利用、问卷等数据，测度水环境的邻近性	主客观指标，可达性测量方式多样化，可能存在结果不一致
非直接暴露	问卷问题，如是否在居住社区看到水环境	主观指标，受到个人主观因素的影响
偶然接触	问卷问题，如是否在通勤时看到滨水景观	主观指标，存在指标映射内容偏误和指标值的偏差，未考虑暴露时长
环境质量	基于环境公报等，获取水质分类数据	客观指标，可能存在数据获取难的情况，如小尺度水环境水质数据较难获取
水环境配套设施	问卷问题，如水环境附近是否有便民设施（如洗手间、停车位等）	主观指标，能够体现水环境的公共需求，但受个人主观的影响较大
在水环境的活动性	问卷问题，如在附近水环境的活动强度（高中低）	主观指标，能够测度水环境所带来的健康影响，但受到个人主观的影响
在水环境的持续时长	问卷问题，如在附近水环境休息娱乐所用时间	主观指标，能够测度暴露时长，但受到个人主观因素的影响
水环境满意度	问卷问题，如对附近水环境的满意度	主观指标，但评价者之间可能存在较大差异

指标	作者，年份	具体测度指标与手段	研究结果
可达性	Wheeler 等， 2012	海岸至人口重心的距离	在城镇地区，相比于距离海岸50km以外的居民，距海岸小于1km的居民，其自评健康水平更高，在乡村地区则不受海岸距离影响
	White 等，2013	海岸至人口重心的距离	同一群体居住在海岸附近（<5km）和住在内陆地区，前者具有更好的自评健康
	Triguero-Mas 等，2015	水环境与居住区的距离分别为100m、300m、500m和1km	居住区靠近水环境与居民健康不存在显著相关
水环境质量	Wheeler 等， 2015	基于土地利用数据得到的咸水、海水、淡水比重	咸水/海水比重与健康普及率（Good health prevalence）呈显著正相关
水环境比重	de Vries 等，2003	基于土地利用数据， 1km、3km缓冲区的水环境比重	在3km缓冲区内，水环境与自评健康不呈显著相关

指标	作者，年份	具体测度指标与手段	研究结果
可达性	Wheeler 等， 2012	海岸至人口重心的距离	在城镇地区，相比于距离海岸50km以外的居民，距海岸小于1km的居民，其自评健康水平更高，在乡村地区则不受海岸距离影响
	White 等，2013	海岸至人口重心的距离	同一群体居住在海岸附近（<5km）和住在内陆地区，前者具有更好的自评健康
	Triguero-Mas 等，2015	水环境与居住区的距离分别为100m、300m、500m和1km	居住区靠近水环境与居民健康不存在显著相关
水环境质量	Wheeler 等， 2015	基于土地利用数据得到的咸水、海水、淡水比重	咸水/海水比重与健康普及率（Good health prevalence）呈显著正相关
水环境比重	de Vries 等，2003	基于土地利用数据， 1km、3km缓冲区的水环境比重	在3km缓冲区内，水环境与自评健康不呈显著相关

指标	作者，年份	具体测度指标与手段	研究结果
可达性	Halonen, 等，2014	根据土地利用数据，测度居住地到周边水环境的距离	水环境距离和居民BMI不存在显著相关。远离海滨的居民（对比距离500~750m与距离<250m）超重风险会增加
邻近性	Modesti, 等，2013	根据行政区域判别是否邻近海岸	近海岸和居民超重不存在显著关联，但居住在海边的居民，其患高血压的风险更高
	Wood, 等，2016	人口重心到海岸的欧氏距离	比较<1 km和>20 km沿海地区，前者儿童总超重率略低
	Qin, 等，2012	基于行政区划判别是否沿海	中国内陆地区的45~75岁人群与海边城市的同类型群体相比，前者超重的风险更大
	Zhang, 等，2015	测度500m缓冲区内到周边河流的距离	河流邻近性与中老年人超重/肥胖显著相关
	Bergovec, 等，2008	是否居住在沿海区（若是，则测度其医院数量）	相比于内陆地区，地中海区域的医院中冠心病患者的高血压患病率较低
	Kern, 等，2009	根据行政区域划分是否沿海	与沿海区的居民相比，内陆区的居民尤其是女性，其心血管疾病患病率更高