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15 April 2017, Volume 26 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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STUDY ON THE INTER-SUBJECTIVITY OF GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGY LOCATION——TAKING MYANMAR AS AN EXAMPLE 2017, 26(2): 1-10.  Abstract ( )   PDF (383KB) ( )   Since the great powers adjust their geopolitical strategy wedges constantly, Myanmar's relative position in the geopolitical strategy keeps changing along with the strategic rivalry among the great powers, while its absolute geographical position stays the same. In recent years, with the US’ return to the Asia-Pacific region, China's peaceful rise and "Belt and Road Initiative" strategy, the great powers’ game in Myanmar becomes more intense, which makes the importance of Myanmar's geopolitical strategy location increasingly prominent, draws more attentions of domestic and foreign scholars to this situation, further uplifts the geopolitical strategic influence of Myanmar, even forms a view in academia that Myanmar in China's geopolitical strategy is irreplaceable. However, history shows that different subjects affect Myanmar as subjects of the Great Power Game vary in different historical periods, which makes its geographical strategic location change over time, resulting in different influence on China's geopolitical strategy. Therefore, combining with GIS research methods, through the geopolitical strategy analysis of sea power theory, theory of heart, edge theory, multilevel world model, the grand chessboard and other classical and modern theory, this paper come to a conclusion that: different geopolitical strategy theories emphasize different geopolitical strategic locations, and geopolitical strategy has its inter subjectivity, which location is subordinate to, finally deduces that geopolitical strategic location has the inter subjectivity. Taking Myanmar as an example, by researching and analyzing the geopolitical strategic location evolution status of Burma in World War II, Cold War, the early stage of People’s Republic of China and the period after China’ rise, this paper shows, in the great power game, why the value of geopolitical strategic location has changed while Myanmar's absolute location has not, which further demonstrates that the geopolitical strategic location has the characteristics of inter subjectivity, refuting the view that the geopolitical strategic location of Myanmar to China's geopolitical strategy is irreplaceable. Then, from the perspective of inter subjectivity, three suggestions are put forward to China’s future geopolitical strategy in Myanmar: Firstly, from the point of view of inter subjectivity, there is no contradiction between China and the United States in promoting democratic reform and economic development in Burma. Thus, we should continue our “cold treatment” strategy when the United States attempts to provoke China through Burma. Secondly, we should correctly understand the significance of Burma to China's geopolitical strategy. To some extent, Myanmar is very important to China, but it is not unique to China. Finally, there are a number of options for China to go out. Myanmar is not the only choice. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the “One Belt And One Road Initiative” energy security community under the perspective of intersubjectivity 2017, 26(2): 11-19.  Abstract ( )   PDF (427KB) ( )   This article researches on the energy demand security, energy transportation security, energy supply security from the perspective of intersubjectivity, combining the energy supply countries, energy transport countries and energy consuming countries. This article interprets the following four views: energy security has the intersubjectivity-attribute; energy security relations are formed in the process of interaction between countries; the driving mechanism of energy security is a process of intersubjectivity; intersubjectivity provides a perspective for the construction of the “One Belt And One Road Initiative” Energy Security Community. The growth mechanism of the “One Belt And One Road Initiative” Energy Security Community is composed of three progressive hierarchies: the intersubjective functional interdependence and the energy security threat made by intersubject are two important conditions for the Construction of the “One Belt And One Road Initiative” Energy Security Community; structure and process factors are conducive to the formation of Energy Security Community; the reliable forecast of peace based on mutual trust and collective identity is a sign that Energy Security Community is into the mature stage. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative analysis on the geographical location advantage of the arctic routes and the traditional routes 2017, 26(2): 20-32.  Abstract ( )   PDF (699KB) ( )   Based on the selection of sample ports and sample ship types, this paper used the indicator of shipping profit to analyze the geographical location advantage of the arctic routes and the traditional routes through the marine shipping profit accounting method. The main findings are as follows: (1) In the case of the need of icebreaking service, the shipping profit of ships via the arctic routes will be 56% higher than that of ships via the traditional routes. In the absence of icebreaking service, the shipping profit of ships via the arctic routes will be 105% higher than that of ships via the traditional routes;(2) The geographical location advantage of the arctic routes is stronger than that of the traditional routes from a port in north of Le Havre port in ports of west of the Eurasia to Shanghai port, but the geographical location of the arctic routes from a port in south of Le Havre port to Shanghai port is at a disadvantage; The geographical location advantage of the arctic routes is stronger than that of the traditional routes from a port in north of New York port in ports of east coast of the North America to Shanghai port, but the geographical location of the arctic routes from a port in south of New York port to Shanghai port is at a disadvantage;(3) Compared with other ports in Russia, France, Canada, the United States, Norway and the United Kingdom, the ship via the arctic routes from Shanghai port to a port in Northern Russia, Northwestern France, Northern Canada, Northeastern America, Northern Norway and Northeastern Britain has the geographical location advantage over the traditional routes;(4) Compared with the need of icebreaking service, the geographical location advantage of the arctic routes without icebreaking service is stronger than that of the traditional routes from Shanghai port to a port of Russia, Canada, Norway, the United Kingdom, one in northwest of France and one in northeast of the United States. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of the Development of Innovative Ecosystem in the United States and Its Revelation to Shanghai 2017, 26(2): 33-43.  Abstract ( )   PDF (587KB) ( )   At present, the constructions of innovation ecosystem in Shanghai and Beijing have been at the forefront in China. However, Shanghai is facing the challenge on how to reduce business cost. The Silicon Valley of America with high business cost sets a good example of a complete, mature regional innovation ecosystem which attracting a large number of start-up enterprises by low opportunity costs "offset" high business costs. Based on the theory of innovation ecosystem, this study analyzes the development characteristics and government behavior of innovation ecosystem in the Silicon Valley of America from the national level and local level. At last, this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to deepen the construction of global S&T innovation center in Shanghai. Related Articles | Metrics

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Calculation and Analysis Geopolitical Influence of the Major Powers in the South China Sea 2017, 26(2): 44-50.  Abstract ( )   PDF (631KB) ( )   The current situation in the South China Sea is extremely serious, inner countries strengthen control the disputes island , stepped up to grab resources, accelerate the pace of military expansion. At the same time，extraterritorial powers including actively involved, sought to halt the rise of China. The South China Sea area is becoming a global new wrestling games. So this article constructs a mathematical model, from the two perspective of history and current status, to measure out the evolution of Great Powers’ geopolitical influence on the South China Sea neighboring countries including Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia, and comparative analysis of the powers’ geopolitical influence on the South China Sea region. Assess scientifically the extent to the extraterritorial powers involved in the South China Sea issue. Provide decision for maker to support correctly judge the security situation in the South China Sea. We discover that, the history data shows Powers geopolitical influence on the South China Sea region substantially increased year by year, and the current result contributes to guide Chinese foreign policy decisions with the South China Sea neighboring countries and the extraterritorial Powers. Related Articles | Metrics

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A review and Prospect on Studies of Yangtze River Economic Belt 2017, 26(2): 62-71.  Abstract ( )   PDF (672KB) ( )   Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) has become a national strategy in contemporary China. This paper reviews the existing literature in China in terms of the history, key concepts and major themes in major studies on YREB. Generally, the studies on YREB had three stages: initiation stage (1980-2000), stagnation stage (2001-2009) and revival stage (since 2010). The geographical scope and strategic positioning of the YREB changed in different stages. Recently, the YREB mainly functions to expand domestic demand, promote opening-up and narrow the regional gaps. It is found in this paper that the concept of economic belt is not clearly defined and there are at least two different understandings of economic belt: one focus on the scope of region and the other emphasizes the mode and strategy of regional development. The deep reason of these two interpretations of the economic belt is the duality of paradigms in Chinese academic sphere. While some scholars follow the logics of engineering, some others incline to the discourse of positivistic science. The disconnect between the science and engineering of studies of YREB leads to weak scientific foundation of the engineering-prone research and impractical policy implications of science-prone studies. Three major topics have also been identified among existing studies: empirical studies of regional development of the YREB, evaluation of the conditions and existing problems for policy making, policy research aiming to make specific strategies for YREB. Based on a overview of studies in these three topics, this paper points out that not many studies have examined the criterion and indexes of synergistic development and the cultivation and diffusion of innovation in the YREB. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanism and Spatial Structure Evolution of Urbanization in River-crossing Cities : Take Wanjiang City Belt as an Example 2017, 26(2): 72-81.  Abstract ( )   PDF (702KB) ( )   The paper constructs valuation index system of urbanization by using AHP methods, and combine the content of the urbanization and the reality of Wanjiang City Belt, to measure and evaluate the level of urbanization in Wanjiang City Belt, also use spatial correlation model to analysis spatial pattern of urbanization and then make suggestions, analyze urbanization mechanism of River-crossing Cities. The result shows that since 2010, urbanization level in Wanjiang City Belt is rising, but the trend is unstable. The differences among Wanjiang City Belt is weakening and quality is improving, and the level of urbanization is not adapted to the level of economic.From the global spatial correlation point of view, Wanjiang City Belt’s urbanization level has a positive correlation characteristics, it meant that the regions are concentrated. From the local spatial correlation point of view, H-H correlation pattern has the trend of moving along the Changjiang River to the east, H-L correlation pattern is primarily in Xuancheng, L-H correlation pattern evolves to Tongling, L-H correlation pattern locates in Luan, Anqing, Chizhou, and the development is stable. Change of river’s function, update of government’s policy, competition of cities are special?urbanization mechanisms of river-crossing cities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Smart City Difference Analysis Of Urban Development In Our Country 2017, 26(2): 82-90.  Abstract ( )   PDF (707KB) ( )   By factor analysis, cluster analysis ,ESDA and other methods ,the spatial structure evolution of 77 Small Cities in China in 2011 and 2013 is discussed ,and the actors that influence the development of Small City are analyzed .The research shows that (1)The main factors that affect the spatial structure and the regional differences of the Small City are not big ,and the main factors are comprehensive strength factors ;(2)The overall level of the Small City in China is more obvious differences ;(3)The development pattern of the Small City in China is from the unipolar to the multistage ,from the “tower” type to “shuttle” type of the trend ;(4)The development of Small City is mainly influenced by the inherent requirement of the city ,and the inertia dependence and policy of the original resources endowment,and smart culture.The policy function is very significant . Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial pattern analysis and diagnosis of green development index in Hubei Province 2017, 26(2): 91-100.  Abstract ( )   PDF (767KB) ( )   Five development philosophies are to solve development problems, to achieve the goal of the second century of the inevitable choice. Scientific evaluation of green development is of great significance in guiding regional sustainable development. On the basis of the scientific definition of the concept of green development, select 2009 - 2015 Hubei Province, the relevant statistical yearbook data constructed system layer, layer factor, index level. Factors which layer contains ecological urban construction efforts, industrial environment friendliness, circulating levels of economic development, technological innovation level four; index layer comprises 19 indicators green coverage and so on. Using AHP and expert survey method are combined to establish the weights, analysis of different districts Hubei Province green development. The results show that: Hubei green development index level has a minimum value in 2011; from 2009 to 2015 showing the overall increasing trend. Prefecture-level city in Hubei Province green development index, ranking the forefront of Wuhan and Yichang City. Enshi and Shennongjia despite relatively low per capita GDP, but by 2015, the green development index ranking in the top five. Global autocorrelation analysis shows that in 2009 and 2010 on the Green Development Index Space Show agglomeration distribution in subsequent years presented random spatial distribution patterns. Local autocorrelation show, Wuhan Green Development Index 2015 presents "HH" pole model. Obstacles Model analysis shows that green area index factors in Hubei Province mainly industrial structure, industrial wastewater emissions intensity, industrial emissions intensity, ecological environment index. Based on the above findings, combined with Hubei actual policy proposals to promote green ideas, green development popularize knowledge, to achieve industrial upgrading, vigorously develop the circular economy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial-temporal coupling characteristics of Industrial System and Environmental System in the Songhua River Basin of Jilin Province 2017, 26(2): 101-109.  Abstract ( )   PDF (735KB) ( )   Using the coupling coordination analysis method, the coupling characteristics of the industrial system and environment system were analyzed in the Songhua River basin of Jilin Province. The results show that: 1) The coupling degree of industrial-environmental system of river basin is characterized by "M" curve, which has obvious economic traces. The coupling development degree is increasing, which shows that the stress of the industrial system to the environmental system is continuously reduced, and the supporting role of the environmental system is increasing. 2) The coupling degree of the industrial-environmental system has experienced the process of the obvious basin characteristic to nonobvious, and the coupling development degree of the regional gap is reduced, which indicates the industrial-environmental system coupling of the resource based city is good, and the level of the industrial ecology has been developed. 3) The main obstacle indicators to the coupling development of industrial-environmental system are the total added value of secondary-tertiary industries and per capita industrial waste emissions, however, the barriers role of per capita water resources and proportion of foreign contract investment on GDP are increasingly prominent. Industrial structure and industrial scale are the main obstacles to the coupling development of industrial-environmental system, and the industrial efficiency and environmental pollution are potential obstacles. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial pattern of Chinese tourist behavioral space in Japan 2017, 26(2): 110-118.  Abstract ( )   PDF (810KB) ( )   China, as the most important tourism market has greatly interested by the rapid development of outbound tourism, but there is little research on the characteristics of Chinese tourists within overseas destination. Japan is an important approved destination for Chinese outbound tourists. In this paper, the spatial pattern of Chinese tourist behavioral space within Japan was analyzed with concentration ratio and competition state index. The number of Chinese who visit to Japan for travel has been increasing quickly that were caused by the development of economic globalization, the looser exit policy environment and the increase of China`s per capita disposable income. In the meantime the number and growth rate of Chinese tourists who visited in Japan showed a significant uneven regional distribution, and appeared clustering in spatially. Such differences intensify increasingly, resulting in the big gap between the “rich” and the “poor”. Prefectures of the same kind competition states are closed spatially, which causes spatial differences between “rich” area and “poor” area. Tokyo-Osaka area keeps the importance on Chinese tourist space. This paper believed that such spatial pattern is the consequence of present interest demands of supplier, demand side and intermediary agent. Viewed from demand, first-time visitors account for a big proportion in Chinese tourists to the Japan and they prefer typical and representative high-reputation tourist attractions. Highly attractive tourist areas possess developed economy, high population density, abundant cities, convenient transportation and many representative local high-quality attractions. Moreover, travel agencies emphasize on familiar gold routes which are easy to be controlled. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Movement of Power Consumption Intensity Gravity Center and the Decomposition of Difference in China 2017, 26(2): 119-126.  Abstract ( )   PDF (816KB) ( )   Power resources is at the center of China's energy construction and energy development mode change，at the same time, how to reduce the power intensity is the key to realize the sustainable development of our country's resources, economy and environment. Therefore, the study on the migration path of power consumption intensity gravity center and the regional difference can clarify the situation of China's power intensity at present. By using the theory of gravity, the author has studied the migration path of electricity intensity in China 1985-2014 , and then calculated the disequilibrium degree of China's power intensity adopting Theil index . The results show that in the period 1985-2014, electric power intensity in China takes on a tendency of continuing to west migration, during the sample, in the year of 1985-1993 and 2003-2014,the orientation of migration is northwest, but the orientation of migration is southwest in the year of 1993-2003.In 1985-2000 the contribution of the power intensity between the different regions and internal differences to the movement of power consumption intensity gravity center are 50%.2000-2014,the average ratio of contribution from internal difference is 54.49%, the effect from northwest. southwest and north China can account for the internal difference. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on space-time distribution of China's outbound tourism passenger flow 2017, 26(2): 127-139.  Abstract ( )   PDF (896KB) ( )   Using the inter-annual variation index，the market growth rate， the geographic concentration index，the variation coefficient and the tourism preference index to analysis the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics as well as the influence factors of China's outbound tourism in the past 10 years. Inter-annual variability index analysis showed that the inter-annual variation of China's outbound passenger flows to South Korea，Thailand，Kampuchea，the United States and Indonesia are large. Growth rate analysis shows that China's outbound tourism as a whole is in the fluctuant growth trend，and China's outbound countries can be classified as four categories as stable growth，rapid growth， fluctuation and recession type according to the country's growth rate of the diachronic changes, among them, Indonesia and South Korea are in the top two while Malaysia and Mongolia are in the last two in terms of the average growth rate. Geographic concentration index and variation coefficient analysis showed that China's outbound tourism spatial distribution experienced a "high dispersion characteristics" and gradually tended to be diversified. Tourism preference index analysis shows that China's outbound tourists prefer Hong Kong, Macao and overseas tourists prefer Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Japan, South Korea and the United States (among them, Thailand, Singapore and Japan ranked the top three); further analysis showed that the diffusion path of the outbound tourism to the East Asia, North America (especially the South Korea and the United States) is obvious, but the overall outbound tourism is still in short-range travel. Factors analysis showed that the economic, cultural, distance, economic and trade exchanges, outbound tourism policy, paid holidays ,major events, the exchange rate changes and the Sino foreign relations are the important factors affecting the spatial and temporal distribution of China's outbound tourism in the past 10 years. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on geographies of ageing in western countries and its implications for studies in China 2017, 26(2): 140-151.  Abstract ( )   PDF (798KB) ( )   The research on geographies of ageing in Western countries can be divided into three stages. Before 1980s, research focused on the descriptive empirical analysis of geographic concentration of the elderly, health and environment of the elderly, policy orientation for the provision of old services; in the 1990s, research mainly focused on spatial trends in population ageing, the varied settings and environments of ageing, health care and caregiving, and the daily personal experience of older persons from a humanist perspective; Since the twentieth century, influenced by the theory of social criticism and the cultural shift, the research methods have been diversified, and the research contents have been changed from the traditional subjects to the microcosmic aspects of the daily experience of the elderly. This paper reviews the studies on geographies of ageing in Western countries and combines with the domestic research summary, puts forward the reference value of foreign studies for the domestic related research on research perspective,research contents and research methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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Temporal-spatial Distribution and Statistic Analysis on Inscription Standard of World Heritage 2017, 26(2): 152-160.  Abstract ( )   PDF (806KB) ( )   Taking world heritage information on the official website of the UNESCO World Heritage Center as data source, statistical methods were used to analysis the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and inscription criteria of the world heritage properties. The results indicated that: ①the total amount of the world heritage showed continuous linear growth in the past near 40 years; ②the world heritage properties number had experienced 3 periods during 1978-2016: the initial stage with no significant regularity (1978-1988), the development stage with rapid growth (1989-2000) and mature stage with a tend to be stable (since 2001); ③the world heritage sites are mainly distributed in Western Europe countries, followed by East Asian countries in the Asia Pacific region. With the deepening development of international consensus and cooperation on world heritage, the spatial distribution of world heritage will tend to be balance in the word; ④86.60% of world heritage sites were inscribed in the world heritage list meeting less than 3 criteria, only 3.80% of them were inscribed with 5-7 criteria, none of the world heritage sites meet over 8 criteria. The diversification of world heritage connotation will receive more and more attention. Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatio-temporal variations of population health distribution in China and its influencing factors 2017, 26(2): 161-168.  Abstract ( )   PDF (791KB) ( )   Using the recent three census data, this paper analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of provincial distribution of population health in China and its influencing factors. And the results shown that: 1) our country residents' overall health has been improved in the past 20 years, but the provincial average life expectancy was significantly different, which present the gradient decrease trend from the east area to the western area. 2) the regional distribution of health was not completely random. And it present the spatial agglomeration trend on the whole. While the agglomeration trend have weakened. 3) the increasing rate of regional life expectancy was negatively related to the initial level, which meant that the increasing rate of low initial-level provinces was higher than the high initial-level provinces. And the provincial health disparities was decreasing, which present the obvious trend of convergence. 4) The principal components regression showed that the per capita GDP, food expenditure rate, the forest coverage rate, the effluent treatment rate and other indicators were higher, the regional life expectancy was relatively higher. Due to urbanization, the problems such as traffic congestion, environmental pollution, marketization of medical reform has resulted in difficulty and high cost of treatment, which led to that the index of urbanization and medical facilities were negatively related to local health level. Related Articles | Metrics

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Coupling analysis of population flow and Internet Job-search 2017, 26(2): 169-176.  Abstract ( )   With the popularity of Internet,Internet Job-search rise and develop rapidly.At the same period,China's population is also flow on a large scale.Using methods of grey correlative analysis,the dissertation established an evaluation index to built a correlation model and a coupling model of the interaction between population flow and Internet Job-search.It analyzed the coupling correlation and causes between population flow and Internet Job-search.Analyzed the evolution regular of coupling from space and time.The results show that:(1)The system element coupling mechanism is complex and close;(2)The basic coupling distribution conforms to the east,the middle and the west, according to the size of the coupling, provinces and autonomous regions of our country roughly divide into harmony, running-in and antagonism three types;(3)It shows obvious periodicity on coupling aspect.It was in the low coupling stage before 2005.After 2005,the associated closely step by step.In 2010 the degree of coupling come to the moderateand the coupling effect is more obvious in 2015. Related Articles | Metrics