Specific path dependence occurs in the research of cross-border economic cooperation. Most of the existing studies are based on the current situation of collaboration and a certain period, while the studies on medium and long periods are relatively few. This paper took the process of international cooperation and development of the Tumen River sub-region as an example, constructed an analysis framework of the evolution mechanism of cross-border economic regional cooperation based on geography multi-scale thought, and discussed the essential characteristics and changing factors for international collaboration of Tumen River sub-region in each historical stage. The results show that: The international cooperation of the Tumen River sub-region has gone through four stages in the past 30 years: the development stage (1984-1992), the development boom period (1993-1996), the slowdown period (1997-2004) and the development restart period (2005-present). Besides, the cross-border economic cooperation in each stage of Tumen River sub-regional international cooperation begins based on the last round of material practice space, which has apparent historical inheritance and policy innovation in different stages. The impact is on cross-border regional infrastructure construction and urbanization development. The role of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in sub-regional development is weakening, the leading role at the national level beefs up, the participation of provinces and local governments is increasing, and their integration with the regional development strategy is becoming increasingly close in the whole process under the general trend that political consultation and economic cooperation have become the global geopolitical environment changes. This paper helps in solvig the dilemma of international cooperation in the Tumen River sub-region and enriching the theoretical research on cross-border cooperation of human geography.

With the continuous promotion of China's " going out " strategy and the Belt and Road Initiative, the demand for overseas geopolitical risk research is also increasing. Southeast Asia is a key region for the Belt and Road Initiative, with a complicated geographical environment and frequent geopolitical incidents. Based on geopolitical events, this paper proposes a geopolitical risk measurement method, taking Southeast Asia as an example to measure and analyze its spatio-temporal characteristics. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) Geopolitical risks in Southeast Asia are generally stable and controllable, but the spatio-temporal differences are large. It is relatively high in the Philippines and Myanmar, low in Laos, Singapore, Timor-Leste and Vietnam, and fluctuating in other countries. (2) The geopolitical risks of Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand and Malaysia are more affected by internal events than those of the other five countries. Internal problems need to be solved urgently. Brunei, Laos, Timor-Leste, Vietnam and Singapore have high geopolitical risks affected by external events and relatively stable internal environments. (3) The geopolitical risks of South Asian countries are much more affected by external events than internal events, among which external events mainly come from countries outside the region such as the United States, China and Australia, while countries within the region account for a relatively low proportion, mainly from Thailand and Malaysia. The results of this study provide scientific support for grasping the geopolitical risks in Southeast Asia and ensuring the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative.

This paper explores the political ecology of death and emotion through the secularized funeral rituals reform in Singapore. Although scholars have recently acknowledged the roles of emotion in shaping environmental politics, religion and death as socio-affective forces have not been substantively engaged with by political ecologists. In this paper, we argue that death is inherently both a spiritual and ecological phenomenon, as it addresses not only the spiritual landscape of how people see the natural world, but also the affective tensions and struggles over what counts as a "proper" form of burial in relation to religion and nature. We first investigate the way that the Singapore state utilizes ecological discourses to secularize Chinese death rituals, such that the death can be separated from the transcendent spheres and incorporated into the environmental biopolitics. Second, we examine how Chinese Singaporeans negotiate the emotional tensions in relation to the secularized rituals and especially the sea burials. This paper brings the issue of death into dialogue with political ecology and reflects on its emotional capacity in shaping environmental politics.

As one of the world's major emerging economies, Thailand's influence in OFDI has been expanding, and its geographical distribution has become increasingly diversified, which is representative. Based on this, analyzing Thai OFDI's temporal and spatial evolution characteristics from 2009 to 2019, the stepwise regression method is used to test the impact of the four-dimensional distance of geography, economy, system and culture on the location selection of Thai OFDI, in order to provide theoretical and practical reference for optimizing the location selection of developing countries. The results show that: (1) the OFDI flow in Thailand shows a fluctuating upward trend. But the investment flow decreased significantly from 2014 to 2015 and 2019 due to domestic political turmoil, large-scale divestment of individual enterprises and other factors. (2) While maintaining a large amount of investment in traditional advantageous industries, Thailand has actively expanded its investment industry, but the overall investment structure is at a lower level. (3) With the expansion of the scale of Thailand's OFDI, its location choices around the world are more diverse, showing a trend of radiation diffusion to central and Western Asia, Africa and South America. The spatial imbalance has weakened, but the overall is still prominent. (4) Geographical distance significantly inhibits the location choice of Thai OFDI, while economic distance plays a positive role in the choice of OFDI. Different from the research results based on developed countries, Thai investors tend to host countries (regions) with large institutional distance, and cultural distance has little impact on them. In view of this, developing countries in similar situations with Thailand should fully consider the influence of distance, weaken the blocking effect of geographical distance on OFDI, and actively improve their own economic development level and political stability.

China's overseas economic and trade cooperation zones (COETCZ) have become an important platform for Chinese enterprises to "go global". How to achieve high-quality development of COETCZ is the realistic demand of the Belt and Road Initiative. Therefore, based on the field survey of COETCZ in Southeast Asia, this paper summarizes the construction modes of COETCZ in different development stages and the development strategies adopted, in order to provide experience reference for COETCZ to achieve high-quality development. For the construction of COETCZ in southeast Asia, the construction modes and development strategies adopted in different development stages are selected as follows :(1) In the initial stage of investment, the construction tasks completed include confirming location selection, selecting investment and financing modes and formulating park planning. According to the differences of the development experience and the national conditions of the host country, the location selection strategy of the park developers can be divided into two models. According to the difference of capital capacity and land ownership of host country, there are three investment and financing modes. According to the differences in the construction experience of the park developers, there are two development strategies. (2) During the development and construction period, the completed construction tasks include the development and construction of infrastructure and investment attraction. According to the differences of park developers' development and construction experience and capital capacity, the development and construction of infrastructure can be divided into three strategies. According to the difference of the attraction ability of developers in the park, the attraction work has formed three modes. (3) During the operation and management period, the construction tasks completed include improving operation and management and integrating into the local environment. According to the operation management ability of park developers and the degree of policy support of host country, the strategy selection for improving operation management can be divided into three types. In terms of the strategy selection of integration into the local environment, specific development strategies of different park developers vary greatly, but can be generally divided into three types.

Overseas economic and trade cooperation zones not only promote China's export trade and foreign direct investment, but also enhance the economic development and people's welfare of host country. As a foreign investment project, the cooperation zone has a significant impact on the economy, society, culture and environment of host country during its own development. Therefore, the research on the multi-radiation effects of China's overseas economic and trade cooperation zones is of great significance. The paper constructs a theoretical framework of multi-radiation effects of China's overseas economic and trade cooperation zone, and takes Nigeria's Lekki Free Trade Zone as an example to explore the paths and comprehensive effects of multi-radiation generated by zones. The results show: ① China's overseas economic and trade cooperation zones have multi-radiation effects on the host country in terms of economy, culture, technology and society. The four radiation effects are closely related to each other, and jointly facilitate the economic and social development of host country. ②The radiation effects of Lekki Free Trade Zone show significant differences in different dimensions, among which the economic, cultural and social radiation effects are favorable, but the technology radiation effects are not prominent. The technology radiation depends on the two-way matching between the park and the host country. ③ In order to better play the multi-radiation effects of overseas economic and trade cooperation zones, the cooperation zones should be further improved in industrial development, cultural exchange, technology spillover, construction of people's livelihood and so on.

In order to clarify the environmental governance and emission reduction responsibilities of all parties and realize the emission reduction of agricultural water pollution. Based on the multi regional input-output model of 31 provinces in China, the agricultural COD emissions of various provinces in China based on producer responsibility, consumer responsibility and income responsibility are calculated respectively, the main paths of agricultural water pollution transfer are identified from the regional and provincial levels, the transfer of agricultural implied water pollution in various regions in China is discussed, and the allocation scheme of water pollution responsibility is put forward. The results show that: (1) agricultural COD has obvious regional transfer characteristics. From the perspective of final demand, northeast region, central region and northwest region are the three largest pollution export regions; From the perspective of initial investment, the transfer of agricultural COD mainly occurs between the central region and the northeast and other northern regions. (2) "Heilongjiang → Guangdong", "Hebei → Guangdong" and "Liaoning → Guangdong" are the three largest net transfer paths of agricultural COD on the consumption side, and "Heilongjiang → Jiangsu" and "Heilongjiang → Jilin" are the two largest net transfer paths of agricultural water pollution on the income side. (3) Compared with schemes A and B, scheme C fully considers the pollution responsibility of income earners and consumers, and measures the water pollution responsibility of the region more comprehensively and scientifically from the perspective of the whole production chain. It is suggested to use a scientific pollution responsibility allocation scheme, strengthen the inter regional coordination and pollution control mechanism, and strengthen the governance responsibilities of different types of regions to reduce water pollution.

Based on the data of headquarters and branches of listed enterprises from 2010 to 2020, this paper establishes the related network in Shandong Province, and adopts the social network analysis method to analyze the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics and the main influencing factors from both internal and external perspectives. The results show that: (1) The internal association network presents the structural characteristics of polycentric and networked development, which has evolved from the single center structure with Jinan as the core to the double core structure of Jinan and Qingdao. In addition, the importance of Yantai begins to appear as the third pole, but the network location of marginal cities presents "Matthew effect". (2) The external connection network shows that Shandong Province has established long-distance and large-scale jumping links across regions. Shandong Province has relatively strong cohesion to the three major urban agglomerations of Beijing Tianjin Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, but relatively strong radiation to the urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin. The urban connection network has formed a dual core development model of Qingdao and Jinan. The external connection ability of Yantai has been significantly improved, and its importance has begun to become prominent. (3) Economic level, innovation ability, administrative relationship and geographical proximity have a significant impact on the formation of the current inter-city and inter-city association network structure, but the administrative relationship is the main influence in the province, and transportation has become the key to the evolution of the inter provincial urban network structure.

Based on the data of Taobao village issued by Ali Research Institute, "growth-disappearance rate" calculation, nuclear density analysis method and optimized hot spot analysis are used to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of Taobao village's "growth-disappearance" in China from 2009 to 2020. The results show that: ①From the perspective of time dimension, Taobao village in China has experienced the germination period, growth period and the rapid expansion period at the present stage. However, the "disappearance/growth" presented a "broken line" change trend of "steep at first, then slow down and then steep", indicating that the disappeared Taobao villages "increased at first, then decreased and then increased". ② From the perspective of spatial characteristics, using four time sections in 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020, it is found that the "growth-disappearance" of Taobao village in China gradually expanded to the central and western parts of the eastern coastal areas, which developed from "dot" to "ribbon". In terms of spatial distribution, agglomeration and correlation, the "growth-disappearance" distribution of Taobao villages in 2020 shows a pattern of "decreasing from the east to the west, and deepening from the north to the south (coastal areas) ,the hot spots are concentrated and the cold spots are scattered". ③ From the perspective of survival type, most of the Taobao villages in the eastern region are growth type, followed by low flow type, and a few areas are recession type. The central and western regions are mostly growth and low flow, followed by high flow and recession. ④ From the perspective of influencing factors, homogenization competition, industry involution, business operation skills, e-commerce transformation and market sensitivity are the main reasons for the disappearance of Taobao village. The results of this study provide reference for the healthy development of Taobao village in rural areas and the optimization of government policies.

Based on the micro geographical data of logistics enterprises in the Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration, this paper used the average nearest neighbor, kernel density estimation and standard deviation ellipse analysis methods to explores the spatial evolution characteristics of logistics enterprises in the Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration at four time points in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2019 from two aspects of different spatial regions and different types of enterprises, and built a panel data regression model to explore the main factors affecting the spatial distribution of logistics enterprises in urban agglomeration. The results show that: the concentration of logistics enterprises in the Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration is deepening, the agglomeration area has evolved from "single core" to "striped spot-like", and the overall cluster distribution is along the "northeast-southwest" direction, and the Xi'an Metropolitan Area is the core gathering area of logistics enterprises in the urban agglomeration; the development of logistics in different spatial regions of urban agglomerations is unbalanced; different types of logistics enterprises have different spatial pattern evolution characteristics; the number of logistics enterprises in the previous year, the total amount of postal business and the total retail sales of social consumer goods have a positive effect on the spatial agglomeration of logistics enterprises.

Based on panel data on tourism and related industries for 30 Chinese provinces from 2008 to 2019, this paper uses tourism consumption stripping coefficients, spatial autocorrelation models and spatial lag models to analyze the differences in carbon productivity in China's tourism industry over time and space and the factors influencing them. The research shows:(1) From 2008 to 2019, the overall carbon productivity of China's tourism industry has shown an increasing trend. However, the spatial distribution is uneven, generally showing the spatial pattern of high in the east and low in the west, and there is a trend of expansion to the middle and west. (2) There is a strong positive spatial autocorrelation in the carbon productivity of China's tourism industry, and the agglomeration in the local space is stronger than the heterogeneity. The "hot spot" areas (H-H type) are mainly adjacent to the eastern coastal areas, while the "cold spot" areas (L-L type) are mainly located in the central and western regions. (3) The degree of economic development, technological innovation and market size have a significant negative effect on carbon productivity in tourism, and government intervention has a non-significant negative effect and industry structure has a non-significant positive effect. Finally, we propose countermeasures to improve the carbon efficiency of China's tourism industry.

The super-efficiency SBM model, kernel density estimation and Theil index are used to measure and analyze the temporal and spatial evolution of port efficiency in the Bohai Rim region from 2001 to 2020. Further, the future trend of port efficiency is explored by combining the Theil-Sen median trend, Mann-Kendall test and Hurst index, and finally the driving factors of port efficiency are identified by using the Tobit model. The results show that: (1) The overall port efficiency in the Bohai Rim region shows a fluctuating growth trend, and has experienced two development stages of rapid growth and slow growth successively; (2) The regional differences of port efficiency in the Bohai Rim region are significantly reduced, and the clockwise decreasing pattern of "Shandong-Jinji-Liaoning" is gradually weakened, and the spatial distribution of port efficiency is more balanced. (3) The spatial differences of port efficiency in the Bohai Rim region are mainly from intra-regional differences, and the intra-regional differences are mainly caused by the intra-regional differences in the Shandong region. (4) In the future, there is a risk that the spatial difference of port efficiency in the Bohai Rim region will expand again; (5) Port function, port spatial competition and transportation capacity are the main factors driving the spatio-temporal evolution of port efficiency in the Bohai Rim region, while the level of opening up and hinterland economy are secondary factors.

30 provinces in China from 2006 to 2019 were studied, the Super-efficiency DEA-ML model and global spatial autocorrelation analysis method were combined to re-measure the actual logistics carbon emission efficiency and its overall characteristics in China, which based on the new assessment criteria for carbon emissions. The exploratory space-time data analysis method and related measurement models were further introduced to explore the space-time dynamic evolution characteristics of logistics carbon emission efficiency and its impact on convergence. The results suggest that: ①The efficiency of logistics carbon emissions is at a medium level in China and exists spatial agglomeration. The average is high in the east and low in the west. Increasing returns to scale exists in most provinces. Interannual variation shows a dynamic growth trend, and is greatly influenced by technological progress. ②The local spatial structure of logistics carbon emission efficiency differs from the direction of spatial dependence, The logistics carbon emission efficiency presents strong spatial integration among neighboring provinces, and has transfer inertia and path locking during dynamic evolution. ③Logistics carbon emission efficiency has no σ convergence and has β convergence and club convergence. Regional differences, logistics agglomeration level and degree of informatization are the main influencing factors of conditional β convergence, there is significant club convergence in areas with more tortuous temporal and spatial evolution of logistics carbon emission efficiency.

As a research perspective, postcolonial criticism helps overcome the long-standing prevailing Eurocentrism's control over geographical knowledge systems and research theories, thus avoiding neglect of geographical knowledge from non-European areas. The research paradigm of geography of knowledge history which has gradually attracted extensive attention in recent years, is different from the geography of science history based on Eurocentrism. The geography of knowledge history emphasizes the accumulation of non-European geographical knowledge and the importance and academic value of non-European knowledge systems. Experoutination (youli) is the activity in which humans, since ancient times, engage in geographical exploration and experience in distant locations during travels and at destinations, resulting in an amount of diverse records. The experoutination(youli) records are of significant importance for studying the carriers and processes of knowledge spillovers throughout historical periods, providing crucial data sources for research in the history of knowledge geography and postcolonial criticism. Based on processing and coding 32 experoutination (youli) records formed in the South China Sea section of the Maritime Silk Road from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, this study established a database of experoutination (youli) records. This study finds that the knowledge spillovers, in the South China Sea section of the Maritime Silk Road, caused by experoutination (youli) has three carriers: private individuals, government organizations and trade organizations. The results of content analysis show that geographic knowledge spillovers can be divided into explicit and implicit, which can be further divided into 16 sub types and 63 basic types. The carriers and contents of knowledge spillovers are obviously different during periods. This study proves with historical data and specific cases that the experoutination (youli) records are an important data source for research on knowledge spillovers, which has important theoretical value for the geography of knowledge history.

Relative poverty is one of the issues that need to be tackled in global poverty reduction. Taking the Huajiang demonstration area in Guizhou Province in Southwest China as an example, the authors constructed a relative poverty measurement system with three dimensions of living standard, viability and economic status from the perspective of social deprivation, conducted a quantitative study on the relative poverty of a sample of 581 households in the Huajiang demonstration area, analysed the spatial characteristics of the relatively poor households, and detected the geographical factors affecting poverty. The results show that: (1) farmers living in locations with high altitude, large slope and undulating terrain are more likely to suffer from relative poverty; (2) natural factors are the dominant force affecting relative poverty, and are the basis for the formation, development and evolution of relative poverty, while social factors also have a certain influence on relative poverty. At the same time, the interaction detection of the Geographic Probe shows that there are significant interactions among the factors. Measuring the relative poverty level of the Huajiang demonstration area and each village group and exploring its influencing factors can provide theoretical references for improving the realisation of the sustainable development of the Huajiang demonstration area and for countries to tackle the challenges of relative poverty in karst mountains.