中国乡村旅游地的空间分布特征及影响因素

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2024.02.20220431

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以中国农业农村部、文化和旅游部公布的乡村旅游地为样本，运用最邻近指数、核密度和地理探测器等方法探究乡村旅游地的空间分布规律和影响因素。结果表明：（1）中国乡村旅游地呈现“东多西少，南多北少”集聚特征，其东西差异比南北更为显著；东部、中部和西部集聚性逐渐增强，除新疆和青海外，其他省市最邻近指数值为0.7～1.2，趋于均衡分布。（2）中国乡村旅游地形成“两极-两轴-多核”的空间分布形态；五类乡村旅游地呈“一高四低、分异显著”类型特征，休闲观光类占比最高为33.06%，文化民俗类占比最低为8.28%，五类乡村旅游地空间分异的驱动因素差异较大，与村落资源禀赋和区位特征具有密切关系。（3）乡村旅游地空间分异是村域自然环境、社会发展水平、文化资源潜力、区域设施水平、旅游投资水平和旅游市场规模等因素共同作用的结果，其中，社会发展水平和旅游市场规模为主导因素，解释力为0.64、0.62；海拔、水文条件与交通区位等因素对乡村旅游地空间分布具有显著的负相关性。

关键词: 乡村旅游地, 空间分布, 地理探测器, 乡村振兴

Abstract:

This paper takes the rural tourism destinations announced by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of China as samples, and uses the methods of nearest neighbor index, kernel density and geographic detector to explore the spatial distribution law and influencing factors of rural tourism destinations in China. The results show that: (1) China's rural tourism destinations exhibit the agglomeration characteristics of "more in the east and less in the west, more in the south and less in the north", and the difference between the east and the west is more significant than that between the north and the south. The agglomeration increased gradually. Except for Xinjiang and Qinghai, the nearest neighbor index values of other provinces and cities were 0.7 to 1.2, which tended to be evenly distributed. (2) China's rural tourism destinations form a spatial distribution pattern of "two poles-two axes-multiple cores". Of the five types of rural tourism destinations, the leisure and sightseeing type has the highest proportion (33.06%); and the type of cultural and folk customs has the lowest proportion (8.28%). The driving factors for the spatial differentiation of the five types of rural tourism destinations are quite different, which is closely related to the resource endowment and location characteristics of the villages. (3) The spatial differentiation of rural tourism destinations is the result of the combined effect of factors such as the natural environment of the village, the level of social development, the potential of cultural resources, the level of regional facilities, the level of tourism investment, and the scale of the tourism market. The level of social development and the scale of the tourism market are the dominant factors, with explanatory power of 0.64, 0.62; factors such as altitude, hydrological conditions and traffic location have a significant negative correlation with the spatial distribution of rural tourism destinations.

Key words: rural tourism destination, spatial distribution, geographic detector, rural revitalization

耿满国, 张伟, 唐相龙, 王雪怡. 中国乡村旅游地的空间分布特征及影响因素[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(2): 151-163.

Manguo GENG, Wei ZHANG, Xianglong TANG, Xueyi WANG. Spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of China's rural tourism destinations[J]. World Regional Studies, 2024, 33(2): 151-163.

图/表 10

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年份	中国美丽休闲乡村	中国乡村旅游重点村	重复乡村旅游地	乡村旅游地
2010—2017	532	—	—	532
2018	150	—	—	150
2019	260	320	140	440
2020	246	680	226	700
2021	246	199	56	389
总计	1 434	1 199	420	2 211

年份	中国美丽休闲乡村	中国乡村旅游重点村	重复乡村旅游地	乡村旅游地
2010—2017	532	—	—	532
2018	150	—	—	150
2019	260	320	140	440
2020	246	680	226	700
2021	246	199	56	389
总计	1 434	1 199	420	2 211

影响因素	具体指标	权重	q值
影响因素	具体指标	权重	乡村旅游地	风景名胜类	遗址遗存类	特色产业类	文化民俗类	休闲观光类
村域自然环境	降水量	0.04	0.16	0.27	0.23	0.10	0.11	0.13
	平均气温	0.04	0.23	0.21	0.27	0.14	0.08	0.24
	相对湿度	0.02	0.15	0.22	0.16	0.24	0.22	0.10
	森林覆盖	0.06	0.23	0.17	0.19	0.08	0.39	0.13
		0.17	0.43	0.40	0.42	0.49	0.47	0.41
社会发展水平	GDP	0.06	0.19	0.30	0.57	0.13	0.11	0.02
	第三产业总值	0.06	0.56	0.35	0.32	0.26	0.13	0.23
	城镇人均可支配收入	0.07	0.43	0.31	0.18	0.26	0.16	0.20
		0.19	0.64	0.64	0.63	0.65	0.64	0.65
文化资源潜力	传统村落数量	0.04	0.32	0.41	0.51	0.16	0.19	0.07
	一村一品数量	0.03	0.47	0.47	0.58	0.30	0.17	0.12
		0.07	0.35	0.36	0.66	0.35	0.56	0.35
区域设施水平	公路里程	0.05	0.37	0.33	0.45	0.35	0.08	0.04
	机动车保有量	0.06	0.58	0.65	0.26	0.16	0.10	0.15
		0.11	0.56	0.57	0.54	0.53	0.55	0.58
旅游投资水平	主要文化和旅游机构数	0.05	0.57	0.54	0.38	0.36	0.13	0.18
	旅游从业人数	0.05	0.33	0.34	0.26	0.17	0.14	0.12
	A 级景区数量	0.05	0.26	0.48	0.24	0.18	0.08	0.09
	风景名胜区数量	0.06	0.43	0.72	0.59	0.23	0.17	0.17
		0.21	0.53	0.68	0.54	0.52	0.53	0.53
旅游市场规模	年末人口数	0.05	0.25	0.27	0.36	0.02	0.30	0.23
	人口密度	0.13	0.01	0.10	0.02	0.17	0.14	0.07
	普大学人口数	0.07	0.28	0.30	0.21	0.20	0.12	0.08
		0.25	0.62	0.71	0.59	0.75	0.73	0.68

影响因素	具体指标	权重	q值
影响因素	具体指标	权重	乡村旅游地	风景名胜类	遗址遗存类	特色产业类	文化民俗类	休闲观光类
村域自然环境	降水量	0.04	0.16	0.27	0.23	0.10	0.11	0.13
	平均气温	0.04	0.23	0.21	0.27	0.14	0.08	0.24
	相对湿度	0.02	0.15	0.22	0.16	0.24	0.22	0.10
	森林覆盖	0.06	0.23	0.17	0.19	0.08	0.39	0.13
		0.17	0.43	0.40	0.42	0.49	0.47	0.41
社会发展水平	GDP	0.06	0.19	0.30	0.57	0.13	0.11	0.02
	第三产业总值	0.06	0.56	0.35	0.32	0.26	0.13	0.23
	城镇人均可支配收入	0.07	0.43	0.31	0.18	0.26	0.16	0.20
		0.19	0.64	0.64	0.63	0.65	0.64	0.65
文化资源潜力	传统村落数量	0.04	0.32	0.41	0.51	0.16	0.19	0.07
	一村一品数量	0.03	0.47	0.47	0.58	0.30	0.17	0.12
		0.07	0.35	0.36	0.66	0.35	0.56	0.35
区域设施水平	公路里程	0.05	0.37	0.33	0.45	0.35	0.08	0.04
	机动车保有量	0.06	0.58	0.65	0.26	0.16	0.10	0.15
		0.11	0.56	0.57	0.54	0.53	0.55	0.58
旅游投资水平	主要文化和旅游机构数	0.05	0.57	0.54	0.38	0.36	0.13	0.18
	旅游从业人数	0.05	0.33	0.34	0.26	0.17	0.14	0.12
	A 级景区数量	0.05	0.26	0.48	0.24	0.18	0.08	0.09
	风景名胜区数量	0.06	0.43	0.72	0.59	0.23	0.17	0.17
		0.21	0.53	0.68	0.54	0.52	0.53	0.53
旅游市场规模	年末人口数	0.05	0.25	0.27	0.36	0.02	0.30	0.23
	人口密度	0.13	0.01	0.10	0.02	0.17	0.14	0.07
	普大学人口数	0.07	0.28	0.30	0.21	0.20	0.12	0.08
		0.25	0.62	0.71	0.59	0.75	0.73	0.68

缓冲区距离	10 km		20 km		30 km		40 km		50 km
类型	数量/个	占比/%	数量/个	占比/%	数量/个	占比/%	数量/个	占比/%	数量/个	占比/%
乡村旅游地	914	41.34%	1 442	65.22%	1 740	78.70%	1 926	87.11%	2 028	91.72%
风景名胜类	100	4.52%	177	8.01%	226	10.22%	251	11.35%	264	11.94%
休闲观光类	311	14.07%	497	22.48%	579	26.19%	639	28.90%	673	30.44%
特色产业类	244	11.04%	354	16.01%	409	18.50%	445	20.13%	463	20.94%
文化民俗类	81	3.66%	121	5.47%	147	6.65%	160	7.24%	165	7.46%
遗址遗存类	178	8.05%	293	13.25%	379	17.14%	431	19.49%	463	20.94%