全球跨境水资源冲突与解决方案的研究综述

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2024.02.20222125

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水资源冲突是关系到区域安全和全球可持续发展的关键科学问题。随着全球气候变化的加剧，水资源时空分布变化导致水冲突问题呈现更复杂和更不确定态势。本文基于全球近百年来1 240件水冲突事件的时空分布特征，立足资源科学、经济学、国际政治学等理论，揭示出各地区水冲突的产生有其自然生态、社会经济、历史文化、国际政治的根源，进而从资源稀缺、流域国际化与国家间水权力不对称、水合作机制缺失与失灵三个角度剖析水冲突的原因。最后，从传统的技术、经济手段向国际关系、国际谈判的视角探求目前的解决机制，提出立足各地区自然、经济、历史特征和发展诉求，通过增进区域利益共享、开展综合流域规划、加强国际条约的执行力等措施探寻适合跨境水资源冲突的协调机制和解决方案。

关键词: 水冲突, 水资源, 协调机制, 区域共享

Abstract:

Water resources conflict is a key scientific issue related to regional security and global sustainable development. With the intensification of global climate change, changes in the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources have led to more complex and uncertain water conflicts. Based on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of 1240 water conflicts in the world in the past hundred years, and based on the theories of resource science, economics, international politics, etc., this paper reveals that water conflicts in various regions have their natural ecological, social economic, historical and cultural, and international political roots, and then analyzes the causes of water conflicts from three perspectives: scarcity of resources, internationalization of river basins, asymmetry of water power among countries, and lack and failure of water cooperation mechanisms. Finally, from the perspective of international relations and negotiations, the current solution mechanism is explored, and based on the natural, economic and historical characteristics and development demands of each region, the coordination mechanism and solution suitable for cross-border water resource conflicts are explored through measures such as enhancing regional interest sharing, carrying out comprehensive watershed planning, and strengthening the implementation of international treaties.

Key words: water conflict, water resources, coordination mechanism, regional sharing

张翼飞, 金紫洋, 山冰沁, 王艺蔚, 马家军. 全球跨境水资源冲突与解决方案的研究综述[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(2): 27-39.

Yifei ZHANG, Ziyang JIN, Binqin SHAN, Yiwei WANG, Jiajun MA. Review of research on international water resources conflict and resolution[J]. World Regional Studies, 2024, 33(2): 27-39.

图/表 3

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研究主题	参考文献	主要观点
水冲突影响因素	Homer-Dixon等^[11]，1994；Jeroen Warner等^[12]，2006；李昕蕾^[7]，2016；Da Silva等^[13]，2019；Kerstin Unfried等^[14]，2022	环境稀缺会产生暴力冲突，影响国际安全；水霸权；维护自身“水安全”；干旱引起的水量减少可能增加水冲突
水冲突解决途径	Wolf A T ^[15]，1997；Wolf A T 等^[16]，2003；Marit Brochmann等^[17]，2009；MARCO G等^[18]，2013；李昕蕾^[7]，2016；吴凤平等^[19]，2021	流域综合治理；金融工具激励机制；水条约执行；水资源稀缺水平高、对水需求高的跨界流域成员国更容易进行水合作；“水机制”“水谈判”和一体化水管理是主要解决途径；构建跨境水资源调控机制

研究主题	参考文献	主要观点
水冲突影响因素	Homer-Dixon等^[11]，1994；Jeroen Warner等^[12]，2006；李昕蕾^[7]，2016；Da Silva等^[13]，2019；Kerstin Unfried等^[14]，2022	环境稀缺会产生暴力冲突，影响国际安全；水霸权；维护自身“水安全”；干旱引起的水量减少可能增加水冲突
水冲突解决途径	Wolf A T ^[15]，1997；Wolf A T 等^[16]，2003；Marit Brochmann等^[17]，2009；MARCO G等^[18]，2013；李昕蕾^[7]，2016；吴凤平等^[19]，2021	流域综合治理；金融工具激励机制；水条约执行；水资源稀缺水平高、对水需求高的跨界流域成员国更容易进行水合作；“水机制”“水谈判”和一体化水管理是主要解决途径；构建跨境水资源调控机制

地域	数量	形成原因	表现形式	影响
亚洲	500~1 000	战争；不同国家、群体对于水权的控制；政治经济问题；缺水而造成不同国家、地区间的冲突；污水排放影响渔业发展；文化差异	摧毁防洪堤、大坝、水电设施；抗议示威甚至升级为暴力冲突；切断对方的供水；向水源投毒污染水质	经济损失惨重；人员伤亡；影响国家间政治局势和社会稳定
非洲	200~500	殖民问题；战争及内战；政治问题；不同群体之间因缺水导致的冲突；种族及宗教等	摧毁水电站、水坝等设施，迫害其工作人员；不同利益群体间（包括人与动物、不同村落、部族、组织、农民与牧民）的冲突，易演变成暴力事件；网络入侵供水系统	经济损失；人员伤亡较多；妇女、儿童的人权受到威胁
美洲	100~200	民族主义；恐怖主义；开采矿及河流改道等项目用水对当地水质、水量造成影响；水资源使用权（水费、水私有化）等	投放生物制剂、细菌、神经毒气、重金属等物质污染水质；武装袭击供水系统；游行示威；谋杀政府官员；网络入侵供水设施等系统	经济损失；人员伤亡；多项开发项目搁置；水质污染影响人们健康
欧洲	0~100	战争、争夺水源控制权、寻求独立或是特定组织的利益、水源用途冲突或个人劳资问题等	破坏水电站、大坝、输水管道等基础设施；投入化学物质、细菌等物质污染水质；投放炸弹；抗议示威	经济损失；人员伤亡；水质污染影响人民健康

地域	数量	形成原因	表现形式	影响
亚洲	500~1 000	战争；不同国家、群体对于水权的控制；政治经济问题；缺水而造成不同国家、地区间的冲突；污水排放影响渔业发展；文化差异	摧毁防洪堤、大坝、水电设施；抗议示威甚至升级为暴力冲突；切断对方的供水；向水源投毒污染水质	经济损失惨重；人员伤亡；影响国家间政治局势和社会稳定
非洲	200~500	殖民问题；战争及内战；政治问题；不同群体之间因缺水导致的冲突；种族及宗教等	摧毁水电站、水坝等设施，迫害其工作人员；不同利益群体间（包括人与动物、不同村落、部族、组织、农民与牧民）的冲突，易演变成暴力事件；网络入侵供水系统	经济损失；人员伤亡较多；妇女、儿童的人权受到威胁
美洲	100~200	民族主义；恐怖主义；开采矿及河流改道等项目用水对当地水质、水量造成影响；水资源使用权（水费、水私有化）等	投放生物制剂、细菌、神经毒气、重金属等物质污染水质；武装袭击供水系统；游行示威；谋杀政府官员；网络入侵供水设施等系统	经济损失；人员伤亡；多项开发项目搁置；水质污染影响人们健康
欧洲	0~100	战争、争夺水源控制权、寻求独立或是特定组织的利益、水源用途冲突或个人劳资问题等	破坏水电站、大坝、输水管道等基础设施；投入化学物质、细菌等物质污染水质；投放炸弹；抗议示威	经济损失；人员伤亡；水质污染影响人民健康

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