冷战后俄罗斯地缘环境与北极话语的相互建构研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.03.20241136

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

冷战后国家间的博弈方式逐渐由军事对抗转向话语争夺，在此期间西方兴起了批判地缘政治研究。然而，当前西方批判地缘政治对文本和图像等话语的过度关注，一方面使读者有可能脱离现实背景；另一方面，将实践排除在话语意义的建构过程之外，不利于在复杂的社会政治背景中拓展和加深话语研究。借鉴地缘政治的结构性和情境化视角，以及语言和实践相统一的话语概念，能够更好地解析话语生产与其特定地缘环境之间的相互建构关系。基于此，本文建立地缘环境与话语互构框架，以俄罗斯不同阶段的地缘环境与北极话语的演变互动进行实证分析。研究发现：①俄罗斯面临的地缘环境是决策和实践的重要基础，制约着其北极话语的生产；②地缘体在话语生产中具有一定自主性，俄罗斯北极话语是以文本与实践相统一的方式对其身份、利益和权力的表达，影响北极域内、域外国家的经济、军事、政治、文化互动，反作用于俄罗斯的地缘环境；③地缘体根据新的地缘环境调整话语，以寻求地缘体间的身份认同和良性互动，因而形成地缘环境与话语互构的递归机制。本文研究贡献在于加强古典地缘政治和批判地缘政治的联系，为批判地缘政治话语研究与中国地缘环境研究提供衔接路径；同时，在实践层面上为国家参与外交事务、建设本国话语体系提供理论支撑。

关键词: 批判地缘政治, 地缘环境, 话语, 建构, 俄罗斯, 北极治理

Abstract:

The end of the Cold War marked a shift in international competition from military confrontation to discursive contestation, giving rise to critical geopolitics in the West. However, contemporary Western critical geopolitics overemphasizes textual and visual discourses. This focus tends to detach analysis from real-world contexts while neglecting the role of practice in shaping discursive meaning—thereby hindering efforts to broaden and deepen discursive studies in complex socio-political settings. Based on the contextualized perspective of geopolitics and the view of discourse as the unity of language and practice, this approach better captures the mutually constitutive relationship between discourse production and its specific context. Building on this, the paper establishes a framework for the inter-construction of geo-setting and discourse, and empirically examines how the geo-setting and the evolution of Arctic discourse in Russia have interacted across different stages. It is found that: ① Russia's geo-setting is an important basis for decision-making and practice, and constrains the production of Arctic discourse; ② geo-actors have a certain degree of autonomy in the production of discourse, and Russia's Arctic discourse is an expression of its identity, interests, and power in a way that unifies text and practice and affects the economic, military, political, and cultural interactions of the countries within and beyond the Arctic, which are in turn reflected in Russia's geo-setting; ③ the geo-actors adjust their discourses to the new geo-setting in order to seek identity and positive interactions among the geo-actors, thus forming a recursive mechanism for the mutual construction of the geo-setting and discourse. The contribution of this paper is to strengthen the connection between classical geopolitics and critical geopolitics, and to provide a path for critical geopolitical discourse research and domestic geo-setting research to converge; at the same time, it provides theoretical support for countries' participation in foreign affairs and the construction of their own discourse systems at the practical level.

Key words: critical geopolitics, geo-setting, discourse, construction, Russia, Arctic governance

王志岗, 胡志丁, 杨晓婷, 顾斐菲. 冷战后俄罗斯地缘环境与北极话语的相互建构研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2026, 35(3): 20-36.

Zhigang WANG, Zhiding HU, Xiaoting YANG, Feifei GU. A study of the inter-construction of geo-setting and Arctic Discourse in Post-Cold War Russia[J]. World Regional Studies, 2026, 35(3): 20-36.

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区域	国家	经济利益			政治利益	战略安全利益	科研利益	环境利益
区域	国家	航运	能源/矿产	商业	政治利益	战略安全利益	科研利益	环境利益
亚洲	日本	航线潜在使用者；航运业、港口业	参与开发及进口需求	相关产业服务提供；渔业	寻求国际地位，推行国际政治主张	近北极海域安全	√	受气候变化影响
	韩国	航线潜在使用者；航运业、港口业	参与开发及进口需求	特种船舶建造、渔业	寻求国际地位，扩大本国影响力	区域竞争威胁	√	受气候变化影响
	新加坡	航线潜在竞争者	—	造船、港口业、海洋工程等技术服务提供	区域权力制衡；扩大国际影响力	经济安全及国家安全	—	受气候变化影响
	印度	—	—	√	亚洲竞争，寻求国际地位	—	√	受气候变化影响
欧洲	英国	航线潜在使用者；航运业、港口业、船运保险	参与开发及进口需求	旅游业、渔业、生物勘探、造船业、工程技术、环境咨询等	寻求国际地位，发挥“领导力”	避免卷入大国斗争，维护北极地区和平稳定	以科研为中心的北极政策	受气候变化影响
	德国	主张高安全与高环境标准下航行自由	原材料、生态能源长期而稳定的供应	资源开发带来的海洋科技产业机遇；渔业	以沿岸国和国际社会利益为先；扩大影响力	涉多边关系的北极区域稳定，影响欧洲安全利益	最大限度的科研自由	主张最严格的环保标准与环境责任
	法国	非主要利益，遵守极地规则；维护航行自由	能源供应安全	航运及资源开发相关技术产业、渔业、旅游业	保持自身在北极的存在；支持欧洲北极问题一体化	海冰的减少以及北极航线的战略后果	科学贡献是主张其他利益的前提	主张严格的环保标准、非北极国家对气候变化的责任

区域	国家	经济利益			政治利益	战略安全利益	科研利益	环境利益
区域	国家	航运	能源/矿产	商业	政治利益	战略安全利益	科研利益	环境利益
亚洲	日本	航线潜在使用者；航运业、港口业	参与开发及进口需求	相关产业服务提供；渔业	寻求国际地位，推行国际政治主张	近北极海域安全	√	受气候变化影响
	韩国	航线潜在使用者；航运业、港口业	参与开发及进口需求	特种船舶建造、渔业	寻求国际地位，扩大本国影响力	区域竞争威胁	√	受气候变化影响
	新加坡	航线潜在竞争者	—	造船、港口业、海洋工程等技术服务提供	区域权力制衡；扩大国际影响力	经济安全及国家安全	—	受气候变化影响
	印度	—	—	√	亚洲竞争，寻求国际地位	—	√	受气候变化影响
欧洲	英国	航线潜在使用者；航运业、港口业、船运保险	参与开发及进口需求	旅游业、渔业、生物勘探、造船业、工程技术、环境咨询等	寻求国际地位，发挥“领导力”	避免卷入大国斗争，维护北极地区和平稳定	以科研为中心的北极政策	受气候变化影响
	德国	主张高安全与高环境标准下航行自由	原材料、生态能源长期而稳定的供应	资源开发带来的海洋科技产业机遇；渔业	以沿岸国和国际社会利益为先；扩大影响力	涉多边关系的北极区域稳定，影响欧洲安全利益	最大限度的科研自由	主张最严格的环保标准与环境责任
	法国	非主要利益，遵守极地规则；维护航行自由	能源供应安全	航运及资源开发相关技术产业、渔业、旅游业	保持自身在北极的存在；支持欧洲北极问题一体化	海冰的减少以及北极航线的战略后果	科学贡献是主张其他利益的前提	主张严格的环保标准、非北极国家对气候变化的责任