Abstract:

Constituency politics is one of important research contents in electoral geography, Whether the redistricting plan is scientific or not will determine the result of election result directly, even influence on the consolidation of the democratic system. This paper is combed and evaluated on the constituency studies in American from research progress, Redistrict principles and Redistrict procedures, and concluded the following major issues：Debate on whether the impact of malapportionment and gerrymandering affects social justice. Judicial intervention mainly focuses on the constitutionality of constituency drawing litigation and the criteria for determining party bias in redistricts; Redistricting principles mainly includes Equal population criterion, Racial equity criterion, Contiguity criterion, Geographic compactness criterion, Preservation of political subdivisions criterion, Communities of interest criterion, and Incumbent protection/preservation of the core of previous districts. Drawing on the research progress of gerrymandering in the United States, this paper suggests that geographers should further explore in accurately predicting election results, tracking the dynamics of democratic elections in the world and promoting the fairness of gerrymandering in the future.

Key words: electoral district, redistricting, principles, processes, America

摘要：

选区划分是选举地理学的重要研究内容，选区划分是否科学合理，直接影响选举结果。本文从选区研究主题、选区划分原则等方面对美国选区划分的相关文献进行梳理与总结，发现美国选举选区划分的研究主要聚焦于以下议题：选区划分与社会分裂、选区划分与分区不公、选区划分与司法介入，以及选区划分与选票/席位转化曲线。在分区原则上，美国选区主要立足于人口、地理和政治三大原则进行划分，具体执行中采用邻近性、紧凑性、人口同等、种族平等、尊重行政边界、尊重利益社区、保护在任者/保留旧选区核心等原则。借鉴美国选区划分的研究进展，本文建议地理学者未来应在精准预测选举结果、追踪世界民主选举的动态和促进选区划分的公正性等方面进一步深入地展开理论探讨与政策研究。

关键词: 选举区, 选区重划, 标准, 机制, 美国