Abstract:

The Arctic route includes the northeast route, the northwest route and the pole-crossing route in the middle of the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic shipping route has attracted the attention of countries both inside and outside the Arctic region due to its unique strategic position and potential development value. Although the Arctic route is controlled by countries along the route due to its geographical characteristics, the public nature of the route itself determines the "spillover" of its strategic value, and countries outside the Arctic region also have important national interests in the Arctic route. At present, there are some contradictions in the Arctic route, such as the international rules are not integrated and the domestic law conflicts with the international rules. Russia and Canada "internalize" the northeast route and the northwest route, the fundamental factor causing the conflict of domestic and foreign rules. As a major shipping country in the northern hemisphere, the opening of the Arctic route will further promote China's international trade and safeguard China's oil and energy security reserves, which are of great strategic significance to China. As a result, raising the participation of the Arctic shipping, through the "responsible" nation image and Arctic national cooperation way involved in the Arctic to protect domestic shipping interests, promoting the Arctic shipping to perfect the governance rules system, is China's countermeasures suitable for the participation in the Arctic routes to practice.

Key words: Arctic Ocean, Arctic region, Arctic shipping, strategic value, strategic game, evolution of international rules

摘要：

北极航线包括东北航线、西北航线与北冰洋中央的穿极航线。作为联结亚欧最短的航运线路，北极航线独有的战略地位与潜在开发价值已吸引北极域内外国家的关注并对北极区域作出战略倾斜，北极航线由此成为各国战略利益争夺的前线阵地。虽然北极航线由于其自身地缘特征实际为北极航线沿线国家所掌控，但航线自身的公共属性决定了其战略价值的“外溢”，北极域外国家在北极航线同样具有重要的国家利益。北极航线目前存在国际规则不成体系、国内法与国际规则相冲突等矛盾，俄罗斯与加拿大将东北航线与西北航线“内水化”是造成国内外规则冲突的根本因素。中国作为北半球航运大国，北极航线的开通将进一步推动我国进出口贸易以及保障我国石油能源安全储备，对我国具有重大战略意义。由此，提升北极航运的参与度，以“负责任大国”形象与北极国家合作的方式参与北极事务以维护本国航运利益，进而推动北极航运治理规则体系的完善，是适合现实参与北极航线实践的中国对策。

关键词: 北冰洋, 北极地区, 北极航运, 战略价值, 战略博弈, 国际规则沿革