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The evolution of the U.S. geo-cognition on the South China Sea before the 1950s Qingjun JIA 2022, 31(5): 895-904.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.20220175 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (546KB) ( )   In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, the United States became the world's largest economy then and urgently needed to open up new overseas markets. To scramble for the potential "largest world market" which was considered at the time, the United States occupied the Philippines, a Spanish colony on the east coast of the South China Sea, as a stronghold into the Chinese market. This was the initial U.S. cognition to the geography of the South China Sea. For the next 30 years, the United States did not touch the South China Sea until Japan invaded Southeast Asia. Japan incorporated Southeast Asia into the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Circle" and took advantage of the geographical advantage of the South China Sea to attack the U.S. military, which made the South China Sea take on important geostrategic value for the first time. The new geopolitical changes in the South China Sea prompted the US to recognize the South China Sea. Since then, with the rise of the "rimland theory", the United States had paid more and more importance to the geostrategic value of the South China Sea and sought to serve its national interests. In the 1950s, the Asia-Pacific region had formed a socialist camp led by China and a capitalist camp led by the United States which were completely rival. Containing the expansion of communism in the Asia-Pacific had become the general policy of the U.S. hegemony strategy, which directly affected the U.S. geostrategic cognition on the South China Sea. Using the geostrategic value of the South China Sea to contain China had become the inevitable option of the U. S. policy toward China. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The progress and prospect of geo-economic research in China and the West Wenlong YANG, Wentian SHI 2022, 31(5): 905-918.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2021393 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1327KB) ( )   Under the reshaping of the world political and economic map, regional grouping promoting the adjustment of global governance, and the change of international system brought about by the game of great powers, it is relevant to sort out the historical context of geo-economics. Based on the clarification of the geo-economic academic thought, this paper selected WOS and CNKI as the literature retrieval library, and used CiteSpace to sketch out the knowledge map of geo-economic research. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, the geo-economic academic trend of China and the West has experienced the "greening period -development period - backtracking period". The budding period still exists in realistic political logic. The development period is liberal. The backtracking period re-emerged the national political connotation. Secondly, in recent years, the intensity of geo-economic research in the West is much higher than in China. The western authors are mainly distributed in the US, Russia, UK and Italy. The domestic scholars are mainly concentrated in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan Normal University and East China Normal University. Thirdly, geo-economic literatures have a clear knowledge base and knowledge network, and the highly cited literatures are derived from the works of geography or political science. Geo-economics forms a knowledge structure based on power, and space as the logical starting point, economy as the logical spindle. The evolution process of hot topics is highly coupled with the development of academic thought. Competition in science and technology will become the focus of geo-economics research in the future. This paper suggests that geo-economic research should build a geo-economic theory with win-win cooperation and open development, and strengthen empirical research. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The game situation of the strategic interests of the Arctic route and China's countermeasures Cheng ZHANG, Jiaqi YANG 2022, 31(5): 919-928.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.20220136 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (646KB) ( )   The Arctic route includes the northeast route, the northwest route and the pole-crossing route in the middle of the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic shipping route has attracted the attention of countries both inside and outside the Arctic region due to its unique strategic position and potential development value. Although the Arctic route is controlled by countries along the route due to its geographical characteristics, the public nature of the route itself determines the "spillover" of its strategic value, and countries outside the Arctic region also have important national interests in the Arctic route. At present, there are some contradictions in the Arctic route, such as the international rules are not integrated and the domestic law conflicts with the international rules. Russia and Canada "internalize" the northeast route and the northwest route, the fundamental factor causing the conflict of domestic and foreign rules. As a major shipping country in the northern hemisphere, the opening of the Arctic route will further promote China's international trade and safeguard China's oil and energy security reserves, which are of great strategic significance to China. As a result, raising the participation of the Arctic shipping, through the "responsible" nation image and Arctic national cooperation way involved in the Arctic to protect domestic shipping interests, promoting the Arctic shipping to perfect the governance rules system, is China's countermeasures suitable for the participation in the Arctic routes to practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Assessing node functions and network robustness of the global submarine cable transmission network Zhuofan ZHANG, Weiyang ZHANG, Qinghua ZHAI, Yuxin QIAN, Shuo CHEN 2022, 31(5): 929-940.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2021096 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1155KB) ( )   Submarine cable transmission network is an important infrastructure support for global information transmission and factor flows; the node function of a country or region in the global submarine cable network and its impact on network robustness are related to national information communication security. In this background, based on the global network infrastructure database of Infrapedia, this paper extracts the global optical cable distribution data from 1991 to 2017 for nearly 30 years, and studies the characteristics and evolution of "transmission function" and "hub function" undertaken by different countries or regions in the global optical cable network by using complex network analysis method, and explores the robustness of the global submarine optical cable network. The results show as below: (1) the information transmission function and hub function of a country or region have different patterns: the information transmission function is relatively flat and presents an obvious corridor effect, in which the countries or regions along throat straits occupy an important position, while the hub function has an obvious hierarchical structure. (2) The geostrategic location adjacent to the strait, powerful national strength, and rapidly growing market demand shape important nodes in the global submarine cable network together. (3) The failure of some nodes (especially those with high betweenness centrality) will lead to the significant decline of the whole network function. The paper puts forward the enlightenment of enhancing the submarine information network security of China from the aspects of avoiding the singleness of submarine optical cable links and improving the function of the global hub. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of spatio-temporal differences and evolution types of Vietnamese population from 2000 to 2019 Xu YIN, Peng LI, Zhiming FENG, Zhen YOU, Chiwei XIAO 2022, 31(5): 941-952.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2021077 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2464KB) ( )   Vietnam, an important land and maritime neighboring country of China, is one of the key-node countries along the green Silk Road. With the national demographic data from 2000 to 2019, the spatio-temporal characteristics in Vietnam during the first two decades of the 21st century are analyzed using the GIS spatial analysis method. Next, the evolution types of the Vietnamese population are defined based on the population density and its growth rate, followed by the discussion of impact mechanism of spatio-temporal differences and evolution types of the Vietnamese population. The results show that: (1) Vietnamese total population is about to reach 100 million, yet accomplished by a decreasing rate of population growth between 2000 and 2019. (2) The northern and southern delta plains of the Red and the Mekong are the two most populous regions. Also, the lengthy eastern coastal belt is more populated than its counterpart of the western inlands. (3) The evolution type of Vietnamese population was dominated by the medium-high density but slow growth (61.91%). The rapid growth of provincial regions included the socio-economically developed areas due to medium-to-high population density and rapid growth, such as Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City, while the low density and rapid growth of provincial population were typically seen in the northwestern borders and the Central Highlands, such as Lai Chau, Kon Tum, and Dak Nong. (4) The spatio-temporal differences and evolution types of Vietnamese population are influenced by physical geography, socioeconomic and government policy. First, the relief degree of land surface (RDLS) determines the population distribution, while the economic development level represented by per capita GDP and total registered foreign capital investment (FDI) is the main drivers of the population change. However, the rapid population growth in the border areas obviously affected by government policies, e.g., the loose population policies for ethnic minorities and long-term immigration policies. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of technological relatedness and land finance on regional industrial evolution Qi ZHAO, Shengjun ZHU 2022, 31(5): 953-966.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2021112 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (952KB) ( )   Regional industrial evolution is realized through the entry and exit of industries, which is a kind of creative destruction. The new industry creates a new development path for the region. The evolution of regional industries is driven by both the internal innovation of the industry and the external regional institutional environment. Regional endogenous force are manifested in technological relatedness, which dominates the new paths creation of regional industries; and exogenous forces, such as institutions and policies, will change the new path creation of regional industries. This article used industrial evolution to represent regional development and explored the impact of local land finance on industrial evolution. Based on the China city land transfer revenue data and the industrial enterprise databases, this article described the temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics of land finance and industrial evolution across the country over the years. Further used the Logit model to demonstrate the impact of land finance on industrial evolution on the city-4-digit industry scale. The research found that: ①Technological relatedness promotes the emergence of new industrial paths in the region. ②Land finance generally inhibits the creation of new paths on regional industries. ③Urban land finance dependence generally intensifies the path dependence of local industry evolution. ④There are regional differences in the impact of land finance on industrial evolution: in Eastern China, land supply restriction prevents the region from giving full play to its potential, and land finance can promote the endogenous development power of the region, which manifested as the path dependence of regional development. In Middle China, the industrial evolution was path-breaking during the research period, and the expansion effect of land finance promoted the regional development and its path breakthrough. In Western China, new paths creation is path-dependent, land finance has exceeded the potential of industrial development and restrained regional development. In Northeast China, paths creation is path-dependent, and land supply growth brought by land finance promotes regional development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on node structure and spatial heterogeneity of external factors in China's passenger aviation network Ruiling HAN, Lingling LI, Haifang YAO 2022, 31(5): 967-977.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020614 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1208KB) ( )   In this paper, the top 60 airports in China's civil aviation passenger throughput ranking in 2018 are selected as the network nodes, and the route connection between nodes is taken as the edge to construct China's passenger aviation network, which is tracking and collecting the data of 126 064 domestic flights in 60 airports in China from November 12 to 18, 2018. The complex network method and multi-objective weighted sum model are used to build the node grade evaluation system. The spatial heterogeneity of external factors of China's passenger aviation network is measured by using the exploratory analysis method and geographic weighted regression model. It is found that: the small world network characteristics of China's passenger aviation network are prominent, and the cities with high node degree play an important role in the network; urban nodes have a high degree of correspondence between the scale of the aviation network and the comprehensive development of cities; moreover, the comprehensive arrangement of external factors of passenger air network nodes presents a long tail shape. Economic aggregate, service industry and potential system have certain agglomeration characteristics on the development of air transport system in different urban spaces, which is mainly concentrated in hot spots in East China, and also in cold spots in West and Northeast China. The economic aggregate, service industry and development potential of North China and Central China are more prominent in supporting the air transport system, while the northeast, central and southwest regions are relatively weak. This paper studies the connection mechanism of aviation network external influencing factors, so as to put forward the theoretical basis for the stability and optimization of the network. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on spatio-temporal changes of China's land expropriation scale Yinghui ZHAO, Baitong MA, Liang ZHU, Xumeng ZHAO, Yanhong QI 2022, 31(5): 978-987.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020539 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1178KB) ( )   Based on the data of total land expropriation, agricultural land expropriation and arable land expropriation of 31 provinces in China from 2004 to 2017, the gravity center model, spatial analysis and other methods were used to study the characteristics of changes in land expropriation scale and spatial pattern at the provincial scale in China. The results are as follows: From 2004 to 2017, China's land expropriation scale increased first and then decreased rapidly. The average scale of land expropriation in Western China is the smallest. Affected by the strategy of "The Rise of Central China", the average scale of land expropriation in the central region surpassed that of the eastern region during the study period. In addition, China's provincial land expropriation is unbalanced, especially arable land expropriation. The difference of land expropriation scale among provinces decreased first and then increased. China's land expropriation has experienced the diffusion stage and the concentration stage in turn. The gravity center of China's land expropriation mainly moved in Zhumadian, Nanyang, Suizhou and other cities at the junction of Henan and Hubei. Compared with total land expropriation and agricultural land expropriation, the gravity center of arable land expropriation has a further northerly location. And the moving range of the gravity center of China's land expropriation lies to the southeast of the average gravity center. The spatial pattern of China's land expropriation changed more in the east-west direction than in the north-south direction. The gravity center of land expropriation moved to the southwest. China's land expropriation has a strong spatial clustering feature. Shandong, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu are high-value gathering centers and hot spots of China's land expropriation, and Xinjiang, Qinghai and other provinces in the Northwestern District are low-value gathering centers and cold spots of China's land expropriation. The hot spots evolve from eastern provinces to central provinces, while the cold spots gradually decrease from Xinjiang, Qinghai, Tibet, Gansu and Ningxia to Xinjiang and Qinghai. Moreover, high-value outliers coexist with low-value outliers. Sichuan is the high-value outlier of China's land expropriation, while Shanghai and Chongqing are the low-value outliers. Mastering temporal and spatial changes of China's land expropriation scale is conducive to promoting land expropriation work and speeding up the process of urbanization. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional water ecological footprint measurement and its driving factors in China's provinces Shixing JIAO, Anzhou WANG, Linfang CHEN, Jianwei ZHANG, Rongqin ZHAO, Zhongxuan LI, Yixing YIN 2022, 31(5): 988-997.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020639 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1239KB) ( )   The space-time characteristics of water ecological footprint were analyzed by the three-dimensional water ecological footprint model in 31 provinces and cities of China from 2004 to 2018, and the driving force analysis was carried out by the partial least-two-multiplication regression model. Results show that: ①Based on different perspectives, the types of three-dimensional water ecological footprints in China's provinces are determined. In terms of evolutionary trends, Shanxi and the other 10 provinces and cities fall into four types, such as the first rise and fall type. In terms of development limits, Zhejiang and the other 14 provinces and cities fall into two types, such as the sustainable type.②There are significant spatial differences in the ecological footprint of three-dimensional water in China's provinces, the breadth of the ecological footprint of water shows a decreasing trend from south to north, while the depth shows an increasing trend from south to north.③ There are regional differences in the drivers of the three-dimensional water ecological footprint in China's provinces, the size of the population has a greater impact on 12 provinces, such as Hebei, the industrial structure has a strong influence on 18 provinces and cities, such as Beijing, economic development has a significant impact on 19 provinces and cities, such as Hebei, and technological progress have a significant impact on 21 provinces and cities, such as Tianjin. We should improve the quality of the population, optimize the industrial structure, develop a green economy, strengthen sewage control and other measures. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial pattern characteristics and convenience evaluation of tourism resources in Zhengzhou Jiaqi ZHANG, Xiaoke GUAN, Xiaohui WANG 2022, 31(5): 998-1008.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2021021 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1282KB) ( )   Based on the POI data of tourist resources in Zhengzhou, a national central city, the characteristics and convenience of tourism resources spatial pattern in Zhengzhou City was analyzed by using GIS spatial analysis methods such as kernel density analysis, standard deviation ellipse analysis and spatial correlation analysis, so as to provide scientific basis for the planning and decision-making of tourism spatial layout of Zhengzhou city. The results show that: (1) The spatial distribution of tourism resources in Zhengzhou is unbalanced, which show a pattern of "more in the north and less in the south, dense in the north and sparse in the south" as a whole, showing the coexistence of concentrated agglomeration and point distribution. The tourism resources in the municipal districts are far more than those in other districts and counties. (2) Zhengzhou's tourism resources are relatively scattered, and various tourist resources are mainly distributed along the "southeast-northwest" and "north-southwest" directions, and there is a certain degree of centrality. (3) The service facilities such as catering, hotel and transportation have different spatial matching degree with different types of urban tourism resources. Among them, the spatial matching degree of transportation facilities and tourism resources are the highest, and tourism resources tend to be distributed in areas with developed transportation and convenient accommodation. (4) The convenience of tourism space in Zhengzhou is represented by the pattern of "intermediate high, ambient low, contiguous in the urban area, scattered in the suburbs". Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cultural industry and tourism's integrated development and its spatial evolution in the Yangtze River Economic Belt Weihua YIN, Nannan LIU, Feiyu LU 2022, 31(5): 1009-1020.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020691 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1426KB) ( )   Based on the cross-sectional data of 11 provinces and 73 cities at and above the prefecture level in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from 2002 to 2017, it empirically explores the level of integrated development of cultural industry and tourism and its spatial evolution through using the dual-industry system coupling measurement model, relative development model and exploratory spatial data analysis method and its spatial evolution. The results show that: (1) There is an increasing trend of overall coupling coordination between cultural industry and tourism, generally keeping at the primary level. And the coordination level of cultural industry and tourism is gradually decreasing from the downstream to the midstream and Upstream. (2) There is spatial heterogeneity in the integrated development level and growth rate of cultural industry and tourism. With the dramatically upgraded level of two industries' coupling and coordination in the upper and middle region, the regional disparity of coupling and coordination is gradually shrinking in YREB. (3) The spatial agglomeration difference of the integrated development of cultural and tourism industry is remarkable. Being a 'high-high' type of spatial agglomeration region, the downstream has become the important growth pole for two industries' integrated development with obvious spatial diffusion effect. Affected by the positive radiation of the downstream, a few provinces and their major cities have been future growth poles in the midstream. However, it is necessary for the upstream to advance the two industries' integrated development in order to break the deadlock of being 'low-low' aggregation.(4)Development of cultural industry and tourism's integration among the three major urban agglomerations is uneven. In the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, the corresponding comprehensive development index of the cultural industry and tourism is relatively high, and numbers of 'high-high? agglomeration regions are increasing. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The agglomeration pattern of automotive service industry and spatial correlation between traffic in Zhengzhou's urban area Deyou MENG, Chao GAO, Cengceng CHEN 2022, 31(5): 1021-1033.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020654 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1955KB) ( )   With the development of China's automotive industry and the increase of residents' car ownership, people's demand for automotive service is growing. Taking Zhengzhou's urban area as a case, this paper analyzed the spatial agglomeration pattern of automotive services industry and its spatial association with internal and external traffic based on the method of kernel density estimation and local Getis-ord G* index, by using POI big data of automotive service industry. The results show that: (1) The spatial distribution of the automotive service enterprises in Zhengzhou's urban area is extremely unbalanced, and the spatial distribution difference of the number of automotive service enterprises in the streets is obvious and shows an increasing trend.(2) The spatial agglomeration characteristics of automotive service industry are obvious, it forms the double core block agglomeration in the city center, and the multicenter and axial belts agglomeration pattern in the sub-center of the marginal urban area. The two hot spots are becoming more and more prominent. (3) Different automotive service industries also show different characteristics of agglomeration trends. The specialized agglomeration advantaged areas of auto parts industry and car sales industry gradually polarize and shrink, while the specialized advantage areas of auto repair and maintenance industry and car rental industry expand to the peripheral areas of the city. (4) The convenience of urban road traffic and external traffic is an important factor affecting the spatial distribution of automotive service industry. The dominant trend of location selection of automotive service enterprises is along the axis of urban roads and adjacent to the entrance and exit of expressways. This study can provide a decision reference for the optimization of urban industrial spatial layout and functional spatial structure. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial pattern evolution of R&D enterprises and its influencing factors in Jiangsu Province Xiaojuan ZHANG, Qifeng TANG, Ziwei LIAO 2022, 31(5): 1034-1045.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020624 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2512KB) ( )   Taking Jiangsu county district as the research unit, this paper explored the spatial differentiation characteristics of R&D enterprises in Jiangsu province in 2005, 2011 and 2017 with the methods of standard deviation ellipse, Ripley's K function and exploratory spatial data analysis, and then investigated the influencing factors of spatial differentiation of R&D enterprises in Jiangsu province by the negative binomial regression model, the main conclusions are as follows. The R&D enterprises show a stable northwest-southeast spatial distribution pattern, and it has significant spatial clustering, and the scale and intensity of the clustering increase first and then decrease. What's more, the cold and hot spots of R&D enterprises are distributed in blocks, and there is an obvious phenomenon of "club convergence". In addition, R&D enterprises, development zones and institutions of higher learning have a high degree of spatial matching. Lastly, factors such as economic development level, labor cost, development zone construction, proximity to institutions of higher learning and agglomeration economy have a significant influence on the spatial distribution of R&D enterprises in Jiangsu Province. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the spatial-temporal evolution and driving factors of urban logistics links in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Hui LI, Qilong REN, Chunmei ZHANG 2022, 31(5): 1046-1056.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020525 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (790KB) ( )   Based on the Modified Gravity Model and Social Network Analysis, this paper analyzes the spatial and temporal pattern of the urban logistics links in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2005 to 2017. And an econometric model is constructed to quantitatively estimate the driving factors of the urban logistics links' strength. The results show that: (1) From 2005 to 2017, the growth of logistics connection intensity experienced a process from fast to slow. The growth rate in Beijing has slowed down because of the distribution of logistics functions, while cities in Hebei province increased significantly. Although the proportion of logistics connection intensity between Beijing and Tianjin continued to decrease, the pattern of logistics connection concentrated in Beijing and Tianjin did not change fundamentally. (2) The structure of the logistics network in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is becoming more and more complex, the control power of network resources in Beijing and Tianjin cities is declining, and the participation and control power of network resources in cities of Hebei are greatly enhanced, gradually forming a multi-core development trend with Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang as the center. (3) The construction of urban infrastructure, the level of opening to the outside and the degree of specialization of logistics are the continuous driving forces of logistics connection in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. During the research period, the driving force of the logistics connection in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is driven by the construction of urban infrastructure and the degree of specialization of logistics, which is transformed into the export-oriented industrialization, and then into the double driving force of export and domestic consumption. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial pattern evolution and interpretation of leisure facilities in central Chongqing Kezule MENG, Jianzhong YAN, San WANG 2022, 31(5): 1057-1069.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020526 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1548KB) ( )   Based on large POI data, GIS platform and geographic detector, leisure facilities spatial pattern of central Chongqing is analyzed. The results show that: (1) All kinds of leisure facilities in the research area generally show an increasing trend. Facilities for leisure and entertainment accounted for the largest proportion of growth, followed by special leisure facilities, and the smallest difference in the number of leisure and tourism facilities. (2) The overall spatial distribution of leisure facilities in central Chongqing is significantly concentrated, but the spatial concentration of all kinds of leisure facilities gradually decreases. (3) Kernel density of leisure facilities shows that the high-density areas are mainly concentrated in the Jiefangbei district, Guanyinqiao district, Shapingba district, Yangjiaping district and Nanping district, and formed a "center-periphery" spatial pattern. Cultural leisure facilities are concentrated at the intersection of two rivers in the southeast of Shapingba and Yuzhong district. The spatial distribution characteristics of leisure tourism are dispersed in the outing of the city. (4) The density of the permanent resident population, road density, distance from the city center, and tourism income are the important factors influencing the distribution of leisure facilities in the main urban area of Chongqing. Moreover, there are differences in the influence degree of various kinds of leisure facilities. The study on the change of the overall leisure facilities aims to provide references for the investment site selection of leisure facilities operators, provide a data basis for the government decision makers to rationalize the layout of leisure space, and provide theoretical guidance for the current urban space development and urban planning. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The making of geographical imagination in the Web2.0 context ——A case study of the webcomics "Polandball" Songmin LIANG, Chen LIU, Jun OUYANG 2022, 31(5): 1070-1082.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2021001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1046KB) ( )   Online prosumption platforms have been established for netizens in the Web2.0 era. Prosumers' digital practices can offer new materials for the analysis of geographical imagination. Previous studies on geographical imagination have provided nuanced understandings on how the results and processes of imagining specific places can reflect the power structure or produce place meanings by analyzing "texts". Few of them have focused on the geographical imagination or the geopolitical knowledge generated by the audience or consumers through investigations on popular cultures. These studies have overwhelmingly focused on how geographical knowledge is produced or represented by "texts" while ignoring the role of visual cultures (such as images and videos) in reproducing or reshaping people's geographical imaginations. Moreover, Web2.0 technology enables consumers to produce media texts and mediascapes and thereby combines the processes of production and consumption. In this context, the notion of "proesumption" is created. However, the prosumption practices have not received enough attention in the geographical imagination research by the global scholarship. Addressing these lacunas, this article aims to understand the prosumption process in the online space and its role in constructing daily geographical imagination. Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the textual and visual contents of "Polandball" webcomics simultaneously produced and consumed by netizens in the "Bolanqiuba" community of Baidu Tieba, this article has sketched out how these comics represent the geographical knowledge of the world. Moreover, based on structured interviews, this article analyzes how the socio-political contexts produce geographical knowledge in both physical and digital spaces. Our research findings include: (1) the "Polandball" webcomics represent the world geography in a "center-periphery" structure; (2) prosumers constructed their geographical imaginations of different countries (regions) in the world based on the Chinese official view on the international relations in "Polandball" comics; (3) the construction mechanism of geographical imagination in the "Polandball" comics is a prosumption practice based on interaction. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on the development level and influencing factors of the cryosphere tourism economic zone Yunjie KANG, Jianping YANG, Lin HA, Jie XIAO 2022, 31(5): 1083-1095.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020923 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1297KB) ( )   The Greater Shangri-La Region is a typical cryosphere tourist area in China. This article evaluated the development level of the Greater Shangri-La Tourism Economic Zone from 2008 to 2017 by using the entropy method and the comprehensive index evaluation model. With the help of geographic detectors method and ArcGIS tools, the main influencing factors are deeply analyzed. At last, corresponding policy recommendations are put forward. The results show that:(1) From 2008 to 2017, the development level of the Greater Shangri-La Region has been continuously improved, with an increase of 23.08%, which is greatly affected by the change of cryospheric resources, and the development prospect is not optimistic. (2) The study area is dominated by the middle and lower development level. The development of each region is unbalanced, and the development level difference shows a trend of first expanding and then shrinking. (3)The glacier area, glacier area coverage, total retail sales of consumer goods per capita, the number of travel agencies and urbanization rate are the main controlling factors that affect the development of the Greater Shangri-La Region. The emergence of the economic and social development level in the later period has reduced the negative impact of cryosphere resource shrinking to a certain extent. Based on this, we should strictly follow the red line of ecological protection, proceed from reality, support various regions to give play to their comparative advantages, take advantage of the current cryosphere resources, and focus on cultivating the ice and snow tourism industry to promote the development of the Greater Shangri-La Region. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and modeling of the long-term population migration from the perspective of social security relations transfer Ningning WANG, Xiaoyong ZHAO 2022, 31(5): 1096-1107.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020528 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1912KB) ( )   The spatial and temporal differentiation and impact mechanism of population migration has always been the focus of population research, and the research at home and abroad is mainly based on short-term population migration such as communication and commuting. From the perspective of social security relations transfer, this paper explores the characteristics of the medium and long-term migration and spatial and temporal differentiation of urban working population in Heilongjiang Province. Combined with the population push and pull theory and OD model, taking into account the economic and employment policy factors, a long-term population migration dynamics model is established to reflect the social security labor relations in this paper. The theoretical contributions of this paper are mainly reflected as follows: firstly, The temporal and spatial migration of population based on social security relations supplements and enriches the research content of medium and long-term population migration. Secondly, This article takes urban employees as the research object, considering economic, policy, transportation, geography, and time effects, and focuses on the migration mechanism of urban labor within the region, enriching the research on labor-related migration theory. Finally, This article uses social security big data to study the spatial flow of population, expands the existing literature based on census data research, and enriches relevant empirical research on population mobility.The researches indicate: firstly, the migration of urban working population based on social security relations is consistent with the power-law distribution of the cutoff index, showing the characteristics of Levi's flight. Secondly, population migration shows a multi-level and cross-regional distribution pattern. Thirdly, there is a certain degree of similarity in space between the population migration and relocation. Fourthly, the disorder of the migration of urban workers is increasing and the frequency of migration is higher and higher. Finally, through the simulation, the migration system of urban workers tends to a balance development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatio-temporal difference and geographical environment factors of hand, foot and mouth disease in Guangxi Xin CHEN, Ling XIE, Suhong LIU, Yanhong JIA, Xiaohui XIAO, Yu LIANG 2022, 31(5): 1108-1118.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2022.05.2020730 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1631KB) ( )   Guangxi is one of the regions with high incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD)in China. Correlation analysis, trend surface analysis and geographic detectors are used to explore the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of HFMD in Guangxi and analyze its influencing factors, based on the HFMD data of 14 prefecture-level cities in Guangxi from 2013 to 2017. The results showed that: (1) From 2013 to 2017, the interannual variation of HFMD in Guangxi showed a peak incidence every two years, and the incidence of HFMD in Guangxi from January 2017 to December 2017 presented a double peak within a year. In terms of regional distribution, the incidence of HFMD in the basin is slightly higher than other regions. (2) The air temperature and sunshine duration were positively correlated with the incidence of HFMD in Guangxi. (3) From 2013 to 2017, in the east-west direction, the incidence of HFMD in the central and western cities was generally higher than that in the southeast cities; the difference in the incidence of HFMD between the north and the south was not very significant. (4) Air temperature had the greatest influence on the incidence of HFMD in Guangxi (q value: 0.49), followed by sunshine duration (q value: 0.45) ;Temperature and sunshine duration had a rigorous co-increasing trend on the incidence risk of HFMD in Guangxi; The interaction between every two geographical environmental factors had a stronger influence on the incidence of HFMD than the single factor, in which the interaction between temperature and sunshine duration had the greatest influence, followed by the interaction between sunshine duration and precipitation. It can be concluded that the incidence of HFMD in Guangxi is obviously different in temporal and spatial, and there is a certain relationship between various geographical environmental factors and HFMD. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics