美国国家公园环境教育体系特征及启示

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2023.08.2021984

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

国家公园是我国自然保护地体系的重要类型之一，强调在严格保护自然生态系统的前提下，为公众提供科研、教育、游憩和社区发展的机会。我国的国家公园建设工作起步较晚，现有的研究大多聚焦于管理体制建设，对于环境教育这一彰显国家公园重要公益职能的研究不足。美国国家公园的环境教育工作历经百余年的实践，已形成了相对成熟的法律保障、科学有效的管理机制、专业统一的规划流程、健全的人才队伍，具有针对性且内容丰富的环境教育项目能满足不同访客群体的需求，这些对我国的国家公园环境教育体系建设具有很好的参考价值。将美国国家公园环境教育的发展历程划分为环保理念萌芽、环境教育探索、体系成型和全面成熟四个阶段，总结出美国国家公园环境教育体系具备国家性、公益性、科学性等特征。基于此，提出国家公园的环境教育工作在管理机制、法律保障、教育内容和人才培养等方面的提升建议。

关键词: 国家公园, 环境教育, 体系构成, 体系特征, 美国

Abstract:

National park is a new and important type of natural protected area system in China, which emphasizes providing scientific research, education, recreation and community development opportunities for the public under the premise of strictly protecting the natural ecosystem. The construction of national parks in China started late, and most of the existing research focused on management systems, while environmental education, which highlights the important public welfare function of national parks, has been insufficiently studied. After more than one hundred years of practice, the environmental education of National Parks in the United States has formed a relatively mature legal system, scientific and effective management mechanism, professional unified planning process, sound talent team, and designed targeted and various environmental education programs to meet the needs of different visitors. All these have a good reference value for the construction of a national park environmental education system in China. This research divided the development of environmental education in National parks in the United States into four stages: the initiation of the environmental protection concept, exploration of environmental education, system formation and comprehensive maturity. It is concluded that the environmental education system in national parks in the United States has the characteristics of national, public welfare and scientific nature. Based on this, some suggestions were proposed for the improvement of environmental education in China's national parks in terms of management mechanisms, legal system, educational content and personnel training.

Key words: national park, environmental education, system composition, system characteristics, the United States

孟龙飞, 潘志新, 朱万里. 美国国家公园环境教育体系特征及启示[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(8): 51-62.

Longfei MENG, Zhixin PAN, Wanli ZHU. Characteristics and enlightenment of environmental education system in National Parks of the United States[J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(8): 51-62.

图/表 4

图1 美国国家公园环境教育体系构成

Fig.1 Composition of environmental education system in national parks of the Untied States

图2 美国国家公园环境教育相关法律

Fig.2 Laws related to environmental education in national parks of the United States

图3 美国国家公园环境教育管理组织框架

Fig.3 Organizational framework of environmental education management in national parks of the United States

图4 美国国家公园环境教育规划流程

Fig.4 Environmental education planning process of national parks in the USA

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