贫民窟的形成逻辑、治理变迁与城中村更新借鉴

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.10.20250648

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

世界贫民窟的增长与改善是21世纪全球城市可持续发展最紧迫的问题之一。本文在辨析贫民窟概念基础上，梳理贫民窟形成与存续的理论解释，重点分析了贫民窟不同改造策略的逻辑、模式和效果。主要结论如下：①贫民窟是一个集合概念，在不同发展语境下包括不同的含义和类别，但无论何种语境，贫民窟均受到污名化。②贫民窟不单是工业化和城市化不足的产物，其存续还受到当地经济、政治、社会等多种因素的驱动，这意味着贫民窟并不会简单地随经济发展而自然消失。③贫民窟改造经历了从“推土机式”清除到原地改造再到使用权保障的演变，这个变化体现了城市更新从注重物质环境改造的空间美学向注重人本主义的空间正义的理念转变。国外贫民窟改造的历史经验为城中村更新提供了5点启示：空间既是物理场所，也是社会关系的物质载体，清除行动无法解决社会矛盾；重视居民的主体性，发挥居民参与改造的作用；探索产权保障制度创新，激发居民自主改造的意愿和行动；慎重对待改造的负面“示范效应”，探索多元化补偿机制；关注改造可持续性，防止改造烂尾。

关键词: 城市更新, 贫民窟, 非正规聚落, 城中村, 可持续发展

Abstract:

The growth and upgrading of global slums represent one of the most pressing challenges for sustainable urban development in the 21st century. This paper clarifies the conceptual nuances of "slums" across different contexts, synthesizes theoretical explanations for their formation and persistence, and critically analyzes the logic, models, and outcomes of diverse slum upgrading strategies. Key findings include: ① Slum is an umbrella term encompassing varied meanings and categories across developmental contexts, yet remains universally stigmatized. ② Slums emerge not merely from insufficient industrialization or urbanization but persist due to complex local economic, political, and social drivers, indicating they will not vanish spontaneously with development. ③ Slum upgrading has evolved from bulldozer clearances to in-situ redevelopment and tenure security—reflecting a paradigm shift from space-oriented aesthetics to human-centered spatial justice in urban renewal. Historical lessons from global slum upgrading offer five insights for China's urban village renewal:① Space constitutes both physical sites and materialized social relations. Clearance fails to resolve social conflicts.② Resident agency must be prioritized through participatory upgrading.③ Partial property rights empower self-driven improvement.④ Caution should be exercised in managing the negative demonstration effects of regeneration, and in exploring diversified compensation mechanisms.⑤ Attention should be paid to the sustainability of the projects to avoid stalled renovations.

Key words: urban renewal, slums, informal settlements, urban villages, sustainable development

黄耿志, 袁雪松, 阙槿楠. 贫民窟的形成逻辑、治理变迁与城中村更新借鉴[J]. 世界地理研究, 2026, 35(10): 1-17.

Gengzhi HUANG, Xuesong YUAN, Jinnan QUE. The formation logic and governance transition of slums: Lessons for urban village renewal[J]. World Regional Studies, 2026, 35(10): 1-17.

图/表 4

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策略		清除	原地改造	使用权保障
产生背景		现代化思潮下认为贫民窟是城市病灶	实践失败的总结与人本主义思潮的兴起	土地非法性问题、产权正规化局限
改造模式		驱逐式	基础设施改善	临时许可
		驱逐式	整体升级	统一租赁
		移居式	整体升级	统一租赁
		移居式	非物质手段	权属信托
改造效果	正面效果	1）完全正规化 2）消除极端风险隐患 3）释放土地价值	1）改善物质环境 2）成本较低 3）居民适应性高	1）减少社会矛盾 2）避免产权纠纷与绅士化 3）避免权力寻租
改造效果	负面效果	1）破坏社会网络 2）居民难以安置 3）易催生新贫民窟	1）绅士化风险 2）延续社会不公 3）可持续性风险	1）易排斥租户与新移民 2）阻碍居民获得土地价值

策略		清除	原地改造	使用权保障
产生背景		现代化思潮下认为贫民窟是城市病灶	实践失败的总结与人本主义思潮的兴起	土地非法性问题、产权正规化局限
改造模式		驱逐式	基础设施改善	临时许可
		驱逐式	整体升级	统一租赁
		移居式	整体升级	统一租赁
		移居式	非物质手段	权属信托
改造效果	正面效果	1）完全正规化 2）消除极端风险隐患 3）释放土地价值	1）改善物质环境 2）成本较低 3）居民适应性高	1）减少社会矛盾 2）避免产权纠纷与绅士化 3）避免权力寻租
改造效果	负面效果	1）破坏社会网络 2）居民难以安置 3）易催生新贫民窟	1）绅士化风险 2）延续社会不公 3）可持续性风险	1）易排斥租户与新移民 2）阻碍居民获得土地价值