Evolutionary characteristics and influencing factors of high-level opening-up in China's land border areas

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2026.08.20241127

Abstract

Abstract:

As the forefront of opening up to the outside world, the land border areas are a significant space for coordinating both domestic and international aspects of the "Belt and Road" initiative. Therefore, revealing the evolution of the high-level opening up pattern and its influencing factors in land border areas is of great importance for China to advance high-level opening up and high-level development. Based on this, the article uses the entropy method to measure the level of high-level opening up in China's border regions, and uses GIS spatial analysis and spatial econometric methods to explore its spatiotemporal evolution patterns and influencing factors. The results indicate that: ① In terms of temporal evolution, the overall high-level opening-up of land border areas shows a fluctuating upward trend, with the southwestern region demonstrating a more significant improvement, while the northeastern region shows a fluctuating downward trend; ② In terms of spatial evolution, the distribution of opening-up in land border areas is generally spreading from the northeastern region to the southwestern region; ③ As for influencing factors, the level of economic development, cross-border transportation accessibility, the establishment of free trade pilot zones, intellectual property trade, and the digital economy all have a significant positive impact on high-level opening-up, whereas geopolitical risks from neighboring countries have a negative impact. This paper reveals the influencing factors of high-level opening-up in land border areas, aiming to provide scientific reference for promoting China's high-level opening-up.

Key words: high-level opening-up, land border areas, geopolitical risks of neighboring countries, pilot free trade zones, cross-border transportation accessibility

摘要：

作为对外开放的前沿阵地，边疆地区是“一带一路”倡议统筹国内和国际两个大局的重要空间。因此，揭示边疆地区高水平对外开放的演变特征及其影响因素，对助推区域高水平开放和高质量发展具有重要现实意义。基于此，文章运用熵值法测度中国陆地边疆地区高水平对外开放指数，运用GIS空间分析法和空间计量方法探究陆地边疆地区高水平对外开放指数的时空演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明：①时序演变方面，陆地边疆地区高水平对外开放总体呈现波动上升态势，其中西南地区相比西北地区提升效果较为显著，东北地区呈现波动下降趋势；②空间演变方面，陆地边疆地区对外开放空间格局总体上呈现由东北地区向西南地区扩散的特征；③影响因素方面，经济发展水平、跨境交通可达性、自贸试验区设立、知识产权贸易、数字经济对陆地边疆地区高水平对外开放产生显著正向影响，而邻国地缘政治风险产生负向影响。本文旨在揭示陆地边疆地区高水平对外开放的影响因素，以期为推动我国高水平对外开放提供科学参考。

关键词: 高水平对外开放, 边疆地区, 邻国地缘政治风险, 自贸试验区, 跨境交通可达性

Xuewei ZHANG, Shaojian WANG. Evolutionary characteristics and influencing factors of high-level opening-up in China's land border areas[J]. World Regional Studies, 2026, 35(8): 154-167.

张雪薇, 王少剑. 中国陆地边疆地区高水平对外开放的演变特征及其影响因素[J]. 世界地理研究, 2026, 35(8): 154-167.

Figures/Tables 7

Tab.1 The comprehensive measure index system of high-level openness in land border areas

目标层	一级指标	二级指标	指标定义	参考文献	权重
边疆地区高水平对外开放指标	贸易开放度	进口贸易依存度	进口贸易额/GDP	王晓芳等^[22]	0.042
		出口贸易依存度	出口贸易额/GDP	王晓芳等^[22]	0.066
		贸易竞争力指数	净出口额/进出口贸易额	孟庆雷等^[23]	0.038
	投资开放度	外资企业依存度	外资企业进出口总额/GDP	周琢等^[24]	0.165
		外资吸引力水平	外商投资企业数	赵青松等^[25]	0.105
		外资融合度	社会固定资产投资中外资（含港、澳、台资）/社会固定资产投资	刘建丽^[26]	0.074
	金融开放度	金融开放深度	储蓄投资转化率	谢寿琼等^[27]	0.003
		货币市场开放度	金融机构外币存贷款额/金融机构本外币存贷款总额	陶雄华等^[28]	0.137
		资本市场开放度	外商直接投资/GDP	王嘉炜等^[29]	0.131
	产业开放度	高新技术产品开放度	高新技术产品进出口贸易额/进出口贸易总额	李光勤等^[13]	0.075
		国际旅游开放度	国际旅游外汇收入/GDP	周春山等^[30]	0.051
		国际旅游活跃度	国际旅游人数/游客总人数	周春山等^[30]	0.040
	政策开放度	开放范围	国家级新区指数：P_1t=3+(n-1)/1；国家级经济技术开发区、高新技术产业开发区、综合保税区、边境合作区等开放平台指数：P_2t=2+(n-1)/2；开放范围指数： $∑ P i t$	戴翔等^[31]	0.035
		市场化环境	地区市场化指数	戴翔等^[31]	0.014
		法制化环境	市场中介组织的发育与法律制度环境指数	戴翔等^[31]	0.023

Tab.1 The comprehensive measure index system of high-level openness in land border areas

目标层	一级指标	二级指标	指标定义	参考文献	权重
边疆地区高水平对外开放指标	贸易开放度	进口贸易依存度	进口贸易额/GDP	王晓芳等^[22]	0.042
		出口贸易依存度	出口贸易额/GDP	王晓芳等^[22]	0.066
		贸易竞争力指数	净出口额/进出口贸易额	孟庆雷等^[23]	0.038
	投资开放度	外资企业依存度	外资企业进出口总额/GDP	周琢等^[24]	0.165
		外资吸引力水平	外商投资企业数	赵青松等^[25]	0.105
		外资融合度	社会固定资产投资中外资（含港、澳、台资）/社会固定资产投资	刘建丽^[26]	0.074
	金融开放度	金融开放深度	储蓄投资转化率	谢寿琼等^[27]	0.003
		货币市场开放度	金融机构外币存贷款额/金融机构本外币存贷款总额	陶雄华等^[28]	0.137
		资本市场开放度	外商直接投资/GDP	王嘉炜等^[29]	0.131
	产业开放度	高新技术产品开放度	高新技术产品进出口贸易额/进出口贸易总额	李光勤等^[13]	0.075
		国际旅游开放度	国际旅游外汇收入/GDP	周春山等^[30]	0.051
		国际旅游活跃度	国际旅游人数/游客总人数	周春山等^[30]	0.040
	政策开放度	开放范围	国家级新区指数：P_1t=3+(n-1)/1；国家级经济技术开发区、高新技术产业开发区、综合保税区、边境合作区等开放平台指数：P_2t=2+(n-1)/2；开放范围指数： $∑ P i t$	戴翔等^[31]	0.035
		市场化环境	地区市场化指数	戴翔等^[31]	0.014
		法制化环境	市场中介组织的发育与法律制度环境指数	戴翔等^[31]	0.023

Tab.2 Descriptive statistics for variables

变量名称	数据来源	均值	标准差	最小值	最大值
高水平对外开放	根据熵值法计算	0.213	0.123	0.083	0.569
经济发展水平	《中国统计年鉴》	4.254	1.430	1.885	9.647
地缘政治风险	CEIC经济数据库	20.119	14.356	3.552	93.072
跨境可达性	世界各国政府网站、世界银行数据库	0.059	0.007	0.049	0.072
自贸试验区设立	中国政府政务信息公开网站	79.732	10.652	60.900	95.600
知识产权贸易	《中国高新技术产业统计年鉴》	0.167	0.374	0.000	1.000
数字化转型	《中国统计年鉴》	0.086	0.061	0.000	0.264

Fig.1 HOP trend chart in China’s land border areas and three areas

Fig.2 Spatio-temporal evolution of HOP in China’s land border areas

Tab.3 Regression results of ordinary panel model

变量	（1）	（2）	（3）	（4）
PGDP	-0.037^***	-0.011	-0.053^***	-0.043
	(0.012)	(0.016)	(0.012)	(0.025)
PGDP²	0.002^***	0.001	0.003^***	0.002
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Geo	-0.298	-0.324	-0.482^**	-0.456
	(0.242)	(0.334)	(0.188)	(0.257)
Acc	3.114^**	6.704	7.204^***	17.142
	(1.489)	(6.536)	(1.821)	(10.743)
PFTZ	0.053^***	0.052^***	0.049^***	0.044^***
	(0.009)	(0.012)	(0.008)	(0.012)
Know	0.343^***	0.351^***	0.316^***	0.328^***
	(0.093)	(0.100)	(0.069)	(0.065)
Dig	0.199^**	0.116	0.143^**	0.003
	(0.085)	(0.122)	(0.059)	(0.126)
cons	1.998^*	2.898	-0.267	4.070
	(0.895)	(2.111)	(0.656)	(1.402)
个体效应	No	No	Yes	Yes
时间效应	No	Yes	No	Yes
N	108	108	108	108
R²	0.481	0.586	0.498	0.617

Tab.4 Regression results of spatial panel model

变量	0-1空间权重		经济地理嵌套矩阵
变量	SAR	SEM	SAR	SEM
PGDP	-0.052^***	-0.051^***	-0.053^***	-0.054^***
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)
PGDP²	0.003^***	0.003^***	0.003^***	0.003^***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Geo	-0.462^***	-0.469^***	-0.458^***	-0.496^***
	(0.119)	(0.115)	(0.123)	(0.119)
Acc	7.603^**	7.935^**	8.561^**	10.926^***
	(3.137)	(3.499)	(3.524)	(3.838)
PFTZ	0.048^***	0.049^***	0.047^***	0.047^***
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)
Know	0.306^***	0.314^***	0.309^***	0.318^***
	(0.100)	(0.098)	(0.101)	(0.097)
Dig	0.122^*	0.126^*	0.125^*	0.103
	(0.068)	(0.071)	(0.071)	(0.071)
ρ	0.125		0.117
	(0.082)		(0.136)
ξ		0.168^*		0.309^**
		(0.098)		(0.145)
N	108	108	108	108
R²	0.046	0.035	0.036	0.040

Tab.5 Results of the robustness test

变量	替换被解释变量	经济权重矩阵	剔除新冠疫情影响
变量	（1）	（2）	（3）
PGDP	-0.052^***	-0.053^***	-0.086^***
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.020)
PGDP²	0.003^***	0.003^***	0.007^***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)
Geo	-0.462^***	-0.459^***	-0.211
	(0.119)	(0.123)	(0.172)
Acc	7.603^**	8.516^**	13.310^***
	(3.137)	(3.529)	(3.709)
PFTZ	0.048^***	0.047^***	0.047^***
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.011)
Know	0.306^***	0.310^***	0.271^***
	(0.100)	(0.101)	(0.101)
Dig	0.122^*	0.125^*	0.147^*
	(0.068)	(0.071)	(0.084)
Spatial rho	0.125	0.113	0.116
	(0.082)	(0.136)	(0.096)
N	108	108	81
R²	0.046	0.036	0.031

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