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15 October 2025, Volume 34 Issue 10 Previous Issue   

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Spatial and temporal evolution patterns and geopolitical risk analysis of shipping lanes hotspot of Northern Indian Ocean Chang ZHAO, Yuejing GE, Miaozhuang ZHENG, Ningning FU 2025, 34(10): 1-16.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240776 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1966KB) ( )   The Northern Indian Ocean is an important sea route connecting China with South Asia, North Africa and Europe, which is of great significance for guaranteeing China's energy security and supply chain stability, and since the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiative was put forward, the Northern Indian Ocean waterway has been developing rapidly. This paper portrays the spatial and temporal variations in the hotspots of shipping activity trajectories over the past ten years of the "Maritime Silk Road" initiative, as well as the changes in the China-North Indian Ocean shipping lanes and the geographic risks to the safety of maritime navigation in the North Indian Ocean, from the perspective of both temporal and spatial dimensions and by using spatial and temporal cubes and other analytical tools. The study finds that:①The maritime vessel activities in the Northern Indian Ocean show a trend of increasing and then decreasing, the ship activity trajectories of oil tankers, container ships and bulk carriers show obvious spatial and temporal clustering, and the new hotspots of ship activities appear in the Bay of Bengal and other sea areas.② The importance of the Northern Indian Ocean sea lanes in China's external shipping has been increasing since the "Maritime Silk Road" initiative was put forward, and the importance of the maritime lanes in China's external shipping has been increasing. Since the "Maritime Silk Road" initiative was put forward, the importance of the northern Indian Ocean sea route in China's foreign shipping has been rising, and China's trade exchanges with countries in South Asia and North Africa have become increasingly close; ③ The safety of China's sea lanes is influenced by multiple factors,including military, geopolitical environments and international regulations. In order to ensure the safety of sea lanes, China should strengthen political and economic cooperation with countries along the "Maritime Silk Road" Initiative through capacity building, enhance surveillance and monitoring capabilities in major sea lanes, and provide timely warnings of possible geopolitical risks. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial differentiation and evolution of the global foreign direct investment Xiquan ZHAO, Wei CHEN 2025, 34(10): 17-30.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240420 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2164KB) ( )   Foreign direct investment(FDI) plays a crucial role in promoting regional division of labor and cooperation, building global industrial and supply chains, and shaping the global economic landscape. This paper uses kernel density estimation, center of gravity, and exploratory spatial data analysis methods, to explore the temporal changes, hierarchical distribution, spatial and temporal patterns and agglomeration patterns of global FDI from 2009 to 2021. The results show that: ① The scale of global FDI is fluctuating and growing, with obvious hierarchical characteristics and agglomeration effects. The gap in investment scale between countries and regions is increasingly narrowing, and the degree of concentration of foreign investment towards medium scale is gradually deepening. ② Global FDI has formed three major concentration regions in Europe, North America, and East Asia. The overall pattern of global FDI balance shows the interweaving trend of two-way investment between developed economies and investment from developed economies to developing economies, with developed economies being the main regions with FDI deficits. The global FDI pattern has undergone spatial restructuring, with the Mediterranean and its surrounding areas as the distribution center, and the center of FDI has shifted towards the southeast direction over time. ③ The global distribution of OFDI and IFDI exhibit spatial agglomeration characteristics and dependence, with similar agglomeration patterns and dynamic evolution. Western Europe and North America have become high-value clusters and hotspots for IFDI and OFDI, while Africa is the main low-value cluster and cold spot region. A comprehensive understanding of the spatial differentiation of global FDI and its evolution process is of great significance for the in-depth understanding of the development direction of economic globalization in the new era, optimizing and clarifying the strategic layout of China's OFDI, and promoting the sustained development of economic globalization. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of maritime geopolitical risk assessment and influencing factors in the Philippines Fei PENG, Yi LUO 2025, 34(10): 31-44.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240576 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (728KB) ( )   Maritime geopolitical risks are a significant factor affecting regional peace and development and a crucial interdisciplinary research topic. This paper takes the Philippines as a case and establishes a maritime geopolitical risk assessment system. Using methods including the entropy method and quantile regression model, it measures the maritime geopolitical risk index of the Philippines from 2000 to 2021 and its influencing factors. The following conclusions are drawn: ① Natural risks in the Philippines have been continuously rising, with the most significant changes occurring during the Aquino III administration. The overall trend of social risks is relatively stable, but there are significant fluctuations during different presidential terms. Social risks rose continuously during the Arroyo administration, peaked, then declined during the Aquino III administration, and remained relatively stable during the Duterte administration. Interaction risks remained high in the early period, gradually declined, and showed significant fluctuations during the Duterte administration. ② When maritime geopolitical risks are at a low level, the positive impact of major power intervention and the military environment on maritime geopolitical risks is stronger. Sovereign governance has a greater impact on medium-level maritime geopolitical risks. When maritime geopolitical risks reach a high level, locational conditions and ecological resources have a more significant impact. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the adjustments of the UK's new Arctic policy and its impact on Arctic governance Han LIU, Hongsong LIU 2025, 34(10): 45-59.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240361 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (748KB) ( )   The UK is a non-Arctic state with global influence, which has a long history of participating in Arctic affairs. Based on the new geopolitical environment in the Arctic and its own interests, the UK government released an updated Arctic policy, "Look North: Britain and the Arctic" in 2023, attaching great importance to the geopolitical security in the Arctic, and strengthening cooperation among allies. In the new policy, Britain has made adjustments in four aspects: role position, security cognition, great power relations and implementation path, showing the characteristics of "militarization, camp-oriented, practicality and leadership". It will effectively guide the UK's actions and practices in Arctic affairs and enhance the UK's participation and voice in Arctic governance. As an important NATO ally and a major Arctic scientific research country, the UK's new policy will have an overall impact on Arctic security governance, Arctic regional governance mechanism and Arctic development governance. Considering the similarities in the Arctic identities and interests of China and the UK, it is of great significance to strengthen cooperation on Arctic affairs between China and the UK. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the spatio-temporal evolution and influencing factors of trade patterns between China and Arab Countries Shaoyan YANG, Rou WEN 2025, 34(10): 60-75.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240780 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1864KB) ( )   Trade cooperation serves as the "ballast stone" for the continuous deepening of the China-Arab strategic partnership amidst the profound changes unseen in a century. Based on the UN Comtrade database, this article employs the HHI index, topological entropy, and the Geodetector to analyze the evolution of trade patterns and influencing factors between China and Arab countries from 2007 to 2022. The findings are as follows: ① China-Arab trade exhibits characteristics of sustained deepening and resilience, showing a trend of recovery and growth after fluctuations. ② The spatial distribution of trade features "higher in the north than in the south, and higher in the east than in the west," with a notable imbalance between east and west. Furthermore, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia lead the growth in China-Arab trade, while emerging forces such as Oman and Kuwait gradually rise, indicating a coexistence of concentration and diversification in trade partner selection. ③ China's export structure to Arab countries is transitioning towards mid-to-high-end products, while imports are still dominated by energy, albeit energy cooperation is undergoing structural changes, signaling a dual enhancement in the quality of bilateral trade and the depth of cooperation. ④ China's exports to the GCC show category fluctuations, while imports remain stable with diversified sources, highlighting the flexible adaptability of trade flows. ⑤ Economic environment, resource endowments, infrastructure conditions, and technological innovation levels are key factors influencing China-Arab trade, and the explanatory power of dual-factor interactions is superior to that of single factors. However, as trade deepens, the explanatory power of the interaction between the two factors gradually weakens, reflecting the continuous adaptation and stabilization of the China-Arab trade environment and the increasingly solid foundation of bilateral cooperation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the evolution of manufacturing's spatial layout in the Seto Inland Sea Area of Japan Jiangyan TIAN, Suqi YANG, Jinhao CHEN, Chengyun WANG 2025, 34(10): 76-89.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240522 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1641KB) ( )   The Seto Inland Sea region is a typical region for the development of modern Japanese manufacturing industry and the transformation of industrial structure. Based on the output value data of various industries in the Seto Inland Sea region from 1980 to 2019, this study uses industrial structure entropy and spatial dispersion index to explore the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the structure of the manufacturing industry in the Seto Inland Sea region, and analyzes the factors affecting its development. The study found that: ① The economic structure of the Seto Inland Sea region is complex and diversified, and the division of labor in the manufacturing industry is generally balanced, with differences between different prefectures; ② Nearly half of the industries in the manufacturing industry in the Seto Inland Sea region have significant industrial transfer phenomena, among which labor-intensive industries are mainly concentrated in coastal areas, and the overall structure shows a trend of spreading from coastal areas to surrounding areas. Capital-intensive industries are small in scale and more concentrated than labor-intensive industries. They are distributed in coastal prefectures. The concentration of technology-intensive industries is increasing, showing a trend of spreading from the eastern coastal areas of the Seto Inland Sea to the western areas; ③ From 1980 to 2019, the transportation machinery and equipment manufacturing, precision machinery and equipment manufacturing, general machinery and equipment manufacturing, food, beverage, feed and tobacco manufacturing industries in the Seto Inland Sea region of Japan showed a spatial diffusion trend, while the steel industry, textile industry, wood and wood products, ceramics and stone products, electrical equipment and machinery manufacturing and other industries showed a spatial agglomeration trend; ④ Natural resource endowments, technological innovation and talents, market demand, government policies, international environment and other factors have a promoting effect on the industrial layout of the manufacturing industry in the Seto Inland Sea region of Japan. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatio-temporal characteristics and driving factors of basic public services' equalization in Zhejiang Province Yini SHENG, Weihua YIN, Renfeng MA, Yuanqing LIANG 2025, 34(10): 90-104.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240215 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1981KB) ( )   The equalization and improvement of basic public services is one of the strategic tasks for China to adhere to the people-centered approach and achieve high-quality economic and social development. The article empirically analyzes the spatio-temporal characteristics and driving factors of the equalization level of basic public services in Zhejiang Province from 2011 to 2021, using methods such as Theil index, Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, and geographic detector. The research results show: (1) The level of equalization of basic public services in Zhejiang Province has been steadily improved.The social security services and medical and health services have the fastest growth rates. The equalization level of basic public services among prefecture-level cities showed significant differentiation, along with Hangzhou, Ningbo, Zhoushan and Shaoxing ranked the top four. The overall level of counties in northern Zhejiang is better than that of counties in southern Zhejiang, and the equalization of basic public services in the 97% of counties has reached the medium or above level. (2) The equalization of basic public services in Zhejiang Province has remakable spatial differentiation and spatial correlation characteristics.The spatial differences of the equalization level of basic public services in the whole province, the four major metropolitan areas and the prefecture-level cities have shown different degrees of convergence trend, and the regional differences mainly came from the intra-regional disparity.The urban areas in the 'Dual-center' regions (Hangzhou-Ningbo) and some surrounding counties are high-high clustering spatial correlation. Since 2016, the basic public services have crossed the low-level stage of the 'minimum guarantee' and there is no significant cold spot areas; (3) Government financial expenditure, regional economic development level, the urbanization rate and population density have been key factors for the equalization of basic public services, and the interaction types of each factor are two-factor enhancement. They have differentiated impact on the whole province, metropolitan areas, prefectures and counties. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An analysis of the differences in evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the regional spatial pattern between Fujian and Taiwan over the past 40 Years Wei WEI, Miao ZHANG, Li YIN, Liming BO, Ke ZHANG 2025, 34(10): 105-121.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240026 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2232KB) ( )   The comparison of the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the regional spatial pattern over 40 years in Fujian and Taiwan, which are at different stages of development, from the three dimensions of "scale, distribution, and transformation," holds significant importance for constructing a regional spatial development support platform across the Taiwan Strait. The results indicate: ① Urban spaces in both Fujian and Taiwan are expanding, while agricultural spaces are generally decreasing, and ecological spaces are well-preserved overall. Fujian's territorial space exhibits a pattern of "one increase and two decreases," whereas Taiwan's territorial space shows a "two increases and one decrease" pattern, with Fujian's territorial dynamics significantly exceeding those of Taiwan. ② There are notable differences in the horizontal spatial distribution and vertical gradient differentiation of the territorial spaces between Fujian and Taiwan, with urban and agricultural spaces displaying a zonal distribution along the Taiwan Strait, primarily located in low-altitude areas. ③ The most significant cross-conversion between agricultural and ecological spaces occurs in both regions, where agricultural space is the primary source of urban expansion, and ecological space serves as a secondary source. Since 2000, the phenomenon of cross-conversion in territorial space has become more intense. ④ The driving mechanisms behind the evolution of regional spatial patterns in Fujian and Taiwan differ; socio-economic factors are the primary drivers of regional spatial evolution in both areas, with Fujian being more significantly affected. The impact of natural geographical factors varies between the two regions, particularly in the mutual conversion between agricultural and ecological spaces in Fujian. The contribution of location and transportation factors is low but stable in both regions, with only individual factors having a significant impact. Moreover, the formulation and implementation of the policy are also important factors in the evolution and difference of the regional spatial pattern between Fujian and Taiwan. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnosis of spatial heterogeneity and barriers to high quality development in Hefei Metropolitan Area Counties Xianwei FANG, Weidong CAO, Ji CAO, Zhiyu CHEN, Hua MA 2025, 34(10): 122-136.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240353 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2738KB) ( )   The metropolitan area is a key link between big cities and urban agglomerations in the new urban pattern. This paper analyses the spatial heterogeneity and obstacles of the high quality development of counties in Hefei metropolitan area from 2011 to 2021 by constructing an evaluation index system for the high quality development of counties in Hefei metropolitan area, and applying entropy-weighted TOPSIS method, spatial autocorrelation model, and obstacle degree model. The results show that: ① the high-quality development of Hefei metropolitan area counties from 2011 to 2021 is generally characterised by the spatial distribution of "core-edge"; from the sub-system level, the economic system shows spatial polarisation, the innovation development is characterised by the spatial distribution pattern of "south high and north low", and the coordination system development shows a spatial distribution pattern of "south high and north low". distribution pattern, the development of coordination system is "high in the east and low in the west" spatial distribution pattern, the spatial distribution pattern of the green system is evolving, the open system is spatially clustered, and the spatial clustering feature of shared development is becoming more and more significant. ② The global Moran value of the level of high-quality development of counties in Hefei metropolitan area is positive in 2011-2021, and the overall trend is upward; the spatial correlation of all types of counties is strong, with clustering characteristics, and the spatial heterogeneity of the level of high-quality development among counties is larger, with more significant spatial distribution characteristics. ③ The high quality development of Hefei metropolitan area counties in 2011-2021 is mainly restricted by the economic system at the system level, while the obstacles of the coordination system and the sharing system are increasing; in 2021, the indicator level is mainly affected by the five major factors, namely, total exports, GDP per unit area, energy conservation and environmental protection expenditures as a percentage of fiscal expenditures, per capita disposable income of rural residents, and the number of permanent residents per unit area. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Composite production of urban cultural consumption space and consumer space practice Zengxian LIANG, Haichao XU, Xiuping LIANG 2025, 34(10): 137-150.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240127 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1623KB) ( )   The development of urban tourism and the trend of cultural and tourism integration have propelled the multifaceted transformation of urban independent bookstores. This study focuses on four bookstores in Guangzhou, conducting on-site observations and in-depth interviews to analyze the process of multifaceted production in urban cultural consumption spaces and the spatial experiences of consumers, employing qualitative research methods. The following conclusions are drawn: ①The operation of urban independent bookstores requires coordination with the external environment to attract tourists while also necessitating the rational planning and integration of internal spatial layouts. ② The construction of multifaceted scenes in urban independent bookstores involves discourse practices among operators, government, consumers, and other stakeholders. Through different types of media, these scenes have accelerated their transformation into urban tourist attractions. ③ Consumers of urban independent bookstores exhibit different motivations, behaviors, and feelings, categorized into daily leisure seekers, bookstore enthusiasts, general tourists, and social media influencers. They engage in personalized deconstruction and reshaping of urban independent bookstores. This research expands the existing research perspectives on urban cultural consumption spaces and provides theoretical support for the sustainable development of urban bookstores. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rural restructuring from the functional perspective: A case study of Beigou Village, Beijing Mengyao LIU, Pengfei Wang, Wenbo KOU 2025, 34(10): 151-167.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240180 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1429KB) ( )   Exploring the process, characteristics, and development paths of rural restructuring from a functional perspective is crucial to promoting rural revitalization in the new era. Based on an analysis of rural restructuring from this perspective, this study uses Beigou Village in Beijing, as a case study. By employing questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews, the research analyzes the process and characteristics of the functional restructuring at the case site and discusses the dynamic mechanisms that drive functional reconstruction and their role in promoting rural revitalization. Research findings include： ① In the process of rural transformation and development， functional restructuring achieves systemic changes across the entire countryside through the restructuring of rural production， life， and ecological functions， aiming to coordinate the development of rural society， economy， and environment to achieve rural revitalization. ② The functions of Beigou Village have evolved from differentiation to optimization and have gone through three stages： functional differentiation and dysfunction， dysfunction to optimization， and functional optimization. Throughout these stages， the commercialization trend of rural non-agricultural production functions， aesthetic consumption functions， and spatial mobility has gradually increased. ③ Influenced by a combination of internal and external driving forces, various functions of Beigou Village have been restructuring, promoting the spatial agglomeration of the village, enriching business formats, adjusting the social structure, enhancing cultural diversity, and optimizing the living environment, thereby promoting regional rural revitalization. The analysis of rural functions and restructuring aims to enrich and deepen the theory of rural transformation and provide theoretical reference and case reference for rural revitalization. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on text mining of Shanghai's red resource network attention based on Weibo data Jinfeng CHU, Qingchun BAI 2025, 34(10): 168-181.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240441 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1918KB) ( )   This paper analyzes the network attention on Shanghai's red resources using 19,048 comments collected from the Weibo platform between 2011 and 2024. The study examines fine-grained semantic interaction topics and proposes a new semantic and emotional interaction analysis framework, combining keyword topic extraction and text sentiment analysis methods. It explores the temporal evolution characteristics, content topic distribution, and emotional expression of online comments on Shanghai's red resources from multiple dimensions. The findings reveal: ① The online attention on Shanghai's red resources exhibits a long-tail distribution, with a growing trend in the number of comments over the years, closely interacting with city events and festivals; ② The content of online comments covers a wide range of topics, with particular attention to transportation, travel, exhibition content, and carrier innovation, displaying multidimensional features; ③ Sentiment analysis shows that positive emotions dominate the online comments, especially when social activities and interactive elements are integrated into red tourism routes, enhancing visitors' multiple experiences and social identification with red resources. Through data-driven text mining, this paper aims to expand the research methods on red resources and enrich the study of Shanghai's urban culture. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of space syntax research in both domestic and international geography Weijie LUO, Hengyu GU, Wei TAO 2025, 34(10): 182-196.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.10.20240196 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (987KB) ( )   Space syntax is one of the most important theoretical innovations in architecture and spatial research in the 20th century. This paper utilizes CiteSpace and Bibliometric methods to analyze "space syntax" in geography from the core collections of Web of Science and CNKI core journals, providing a summary of current developments. We identify the key characteristics of Chinese and international researches on the space syntax of geography, further highlighting major research themes. It is found that international research on space syntax began earlier and has grown steadily, with most publications originating in developed countries. The research on space syntax in Chinese geography started relatively late, with a smaller number of large-scale research teams, though publications have also risen in recent years. In international academia, the journals featuring space syntax research have higher academic influence, though citation rates per paper are relatively low. In China, the average citation frequency of papers is significantly higher than the journals' impact factor, it shows that space syntax has received high attention and the significant potential for future development. In terms of research topics, the international geography mainly focuses on urban morphology, urban transportation (pedestrian transportation), space and safety and methodology. In China, researchers mainly focused on morphological analysis of different scales (urban-rural-architecture), transport geography, space and safety, and tourism geography. Overall, the studies of space syntax in international geography focus on urban transportation and urban morphology, with attention to methodological innovation. In China, the research perspective mainly concentrates on urban scale, while the empirical research and theoretical exploration on rural and architectural scale need to be strengthened. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics