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15 September 2025, Volume 34 Issue 9 Previous Issue   

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Assessment of population health vulnerability in the United States based on set pair analysis and its obstacle factors Wei HU, Kexin WANG, Ningning FU, Ziran JIANG, Lihua YUAN, Hongyi CHEN 2025, 34(9): 1-15.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20240562 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1054KB) ( )   Analyzing the population health vulnerability in the United States not only helps to deepen the research on national population health vulnerability, but also provides reference for improving the population health vulnerability in China.The article constructs an evaluation index system for population health vulnerability, and uses set pair analysis to analyze the characteristics, obstacle factors, and types of population health vulnerability in the United States. The research results indicate that: ① Population health vulnerability and population health sensitivity in the United States exhibit a spatial pattern of "high in the South, low in the Northeast, and middle in the Midwest and West", while coping ability shows a spatial pattern of "high in the Northeast, low in the South, Midwest, and West".② Population health vulnerability in the United States is predominantly characterized by moderately vulnerable and relatively high-vulnerability regions, with significant regional disparities among states. ③ Per capita disposable income, forest coverage rate, and the number of hospital beds per thousand people are the primary obstacle factors to population health vulnerability in the United States. Among these, the contributions of forest coverage rate and the number of hospital beds per thousand people to population health vulnerability in the United States have increased significantly. ④ The population health vulnerability of the United States can be classified into three types: sensitivity-dominated, coping ability-dominated, and jointly dominated by sensitivity and coping ability, with the jointly dominated by sensitivity and coping ability being the most predominant type. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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From the periphery to the core: The evolution of the EU climate policy Yinghao HE 2025, 34(9): 16-28.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20240813 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (704KB) ( )   At the end of the 20th century, climate policy was considered a sub-field of the EU's environmental policy. However, with the introduction of the European Green Deal, climate policy has become the leading area among the EU's 6 main policy fields.Drawing on international relations theories of authority, institutions, and norms, this study constructs an analytical framework of the EU's climate policy "sphere of authority". This "sphere of authority" is defined as a domain of power relations with clear jurisdiction and legitimacy, which is composed of both formal institutions and informal institutions (norms and ideas) that are interrelated. The former represents formal laws, regulations, and political bodies, while the latter refers to legal principles, value systems, and norms that provide legitimacy to the formal institutions and align with citizens' collective expectations. Within the existing sphere of authority, due to different driving forces behind formal institutions and informal institutions (norms), their processes often diverge, leading to three ideal types of authority space expansion models and expected policy outcomes. Through empirical research on three phases (1986-2007, 2007-2018, 2018-present), this study reveals the rise, transformation, and expansion of EU climate policy, with each phase roughly corresponding to one of the three authority space expansion models, resulting in differentiated policy outcomes and policy status. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the characteristics and development of Yunnan-Myanmar border trade from 2002 to 2022 Yang LIU, Yinzhou HUANG, Zhi SUN, Guodong ZHU 2025, 34(9): 29-40.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20230652 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1267KB) ( )   Yunnan is one of the frontiers in promoting the construction of China's "One Belt, One Road", and Yunnan-Myanmar border trade is an important way for economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries. This paper aims to analyze the development characteristics and commodity structure of the Yunnan-Myanmar border trade from 2002 to 2022. The analysis will be conducted using methods such as the geographic concentration of international distribution of imports and exports， degree of commodity concentration of imports and exports， and the intra-industry trade index. The results show that ① The scale of Yunnan-Myanmar border trade has been expanding during the period of 2002-2022， with a significant increase in trade volume in 2013 and 2017， and a declining trend in trade volume during the periods of 2014-2015 and 2019-2021. ② The value of Yunnan-Myanmar border trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the value of Yunnan’s overall border trade， indicating a growing geographic concentration of international distribution of imports and exports between Yunnan and Myanmar. ③ The majority of categories of commodities traded in the Yunnan-Myanmar border small trade has strong inter-industry trade complementarities. The degree of commodity concentration of Yunnan's imports from Myanmar has consistently been higher than that of its exports， indicating a higher homogeneity of imported goods and a concentration of exported goods in industrial products and imported goods in primary products. ④ Most categories of commodities traded in the Yunnan-Myanmar border trade have strong inter-industry trade complementarity. In conclusion, this article points out the deficiencies in the development of Yunnan-Myanmar border trade and proposes relevant suggestions for improvement. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Geo-getting risks faced by China in Southeast Asia and South Asia Zhenxin YU, Yongning LI, Zhiding HU, Zhe ZHANG 2025, 34(9): 41-58.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20230201 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1871KB) ( )   Geo-setting provides sufficient theoretical support for understanding the evolution of the situation of a country or region, and its risk research has the advantages of cross-integration. Accurately identifying and scientifically preventing geo-setting risks is of great significance to safeguarding China's overseas interests. By clarifying the relationship between geo-setting and risk, the concept of geo-setting risk was proposed. An assessment model of geo-setting risks was established based on geo-potential and the theories and methods of geo-setting. Taking Southeast Asia and South Asia as examples, this paper conducted spatial identification of geo-setting risks faced by China in this region and explored their spatio-temporal differentiation rules. The results show that: ① The geo-setting risks faced by Laos, Nepal, Maldives, Brunei, Pakistan and Myanmar are mainly affected by the country's vulnerability; in Singapore and India, they are mainly affected by risk resilience and geopolitical potential ratio; in Vietnam, they are affected by the above three factors; and in the other nine countries, they are mainly affected by geopolitical potential ratio and risk resilience. ② China's geo-setting risks in Southeast Asia and South Asia show a fluctuating downward trend, showing a trend of low in Southeast Asian countries, high in South Asian countries, and lower in the Indochina Peninsula than in neighboring countries in the South China Sea. ③ The geo-setting risks in Laos, Nepal, Brunei, Maldives, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore are low risks. Afghanistan, the Philippines and India, where the game between major powers is more intense, are high risks. Pakistan and Myanmar, where the internal situation is relatively chaotic, are medium-high risks. The other five countries are medium risks. In the future, it is necessary to enhance national competitiveness at the domestic level, optimize the ability of risk research and judgment, strengthen inter-governmental communication at the international level and pay attention to the geographical environment of the host country, so as to serve the maintenance of China's overseas interests. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of global cyber-attack Yang SUN 2025, 34(9): 59-72.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20240431 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1797KB) ( )   The impact of cyber-attack on national cyberspace security has gradually increased. This paper uses cyberspace analysis methods to conduct an in-depth study of global cyber-attack in 2022 to reveal their spatial pattern and connection characteristics. The results show that: ① In terms of geographical distribution， cyber-attacks show a full geographical coverage， mainly originating from North America and Western Europe， and the main targets are also in these regions. The US， Canada， the UK， Ireland， the Netherlands， France， etc. are the main source areas of attacks. Vulnerable target areas include the UK， Germany， France， the Netherlands， the US， Canada， Brazil， Japan， China， Singapore and the British Virgin Islands. ② In terms of attack types and main sources， website phishing attacks are mainly from the US， the UK， and Germany， and the US is the primary source and target of attacks. Malware attacks mainly come from the UK， the US， and Germany， with the US being the primary attack source. Malicious control attacks mainly come from the US， the UK， and Singapore， with the US being the primary attack source and target. ③ In terms of attack trends， the GMM estimation results show that cyber-attack are persistent and trend-based, and past attacks have a significant positive impact on future attacks, showing a cyclic cumulative effect. National technological innovation is negatively correlated with the intensity of cyber-attack, indicating that the improvement of technological innovation may introduce more complex and unpredictable means of cyber-attack, thereby leading to an increase in the intensity of cyber-attack. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The implementation path of China's Overseas Industrial Parks to promote the high quality development of the Belt and Road Shufang WANG, Peng YANG, Hao HU, Ningning FU 2025, 34(9): 73-85.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20240727 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1649KB) ( )   As the key vehicle for Chinese enterprises to collectively "go global", China's overseas industrial parks(COIP) are an important part of China's participation in international production capacity cooperation and global value chain division of labor. This paper constructs a theoretical framework for COIP to promote the high-quality development of the Belt and Road, and analyzes the implementation path from the three dimensions of connectivity, connection and focus. The main conclusions are as follows: ①The connectivity path can promote the development of the Belt and Road high connectivity, which should be improved by strengthening infrastructure construction, improving financing means, optimizing the operational efficiency of the China-Europe Railway Express, improving the legal guarantee system for foreign-related affairs and strengthening human cultural exchanges at home and abroad. ② The connection path can promote the development of high supply of the Belt and Road from the aspects of multi-scale strategic connection, internal and external industrial connection, technology connection of joint research and sharing.③The focusing path can promote the high-level development of the Belt and Road. It should select the settled enterprises, emphasize the refined management of the park, and focus on the professional construction, green development, digital innovation, and the integration of social and economic benefits of the park. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The spatio-temporal evolution and influencing factors of economic resilience in the five major urban agglomerations of China Xia ZHOU, Jia WANG 2025, 34(9): 86-102.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20240160 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1344KB) ( )   This study constructed an economic resilience analysis based on the DPSR model and the adaptive cycle theory, and measured the economic resilience of the five urban agglomerations from 2003 to 2021 using the combined weight model. Subsequently, this study revealed the spatio-temporal evolution of economic resilience in the five urban agglomerations, and identified influencing factors and their spatial spillover effects based on the TOE framework and spatial econometric model. The results show that: ① The overall economic resilience of the five major urban agglomerations increased steadily, but the increase became slower at the end of the study period. The average economic resilience ranked from highest to lowest, is as follows: PRD, YRD, BTH, the overall, MYR, and CC. ② BTH showed a pattern of "dual-core driving, sub-center leading, and strong in the middle and weak in the north and south"; YRD showed the evolution characteristics of "single-core aggregation, dual-core driving, three-legged tripod, single-strength multi-polar development", and the high-value area shows a ">"-shaped structure; PRD showed an "olive-shaped" spatial distribution; MYR showed a three-legged situation centered on Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang, and the high-resilience area was gradually expanding around the three cities as the center; CC had a dual-core spatial distribution.③ The factors influencing the economic resilience exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. Advanced digital infrastructure, educational expenditure, technological expenditure, and entrepreneurial activity all contribute positively to economic resilience. Traditional infrastructure, technological expenditure, and environmental regulation display positive spatial spillover effects, while advanced digital infrastructure, educational expenditure, and entrepreneurial activity exhibit negative spatial spillover effects. The spatial spillover effects of fiscal support are not significant. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Type identification and influencing factors of brokerage cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt: A case study of strategic emerging industries Yuanyuan WAN, Xianzhong CAO, Gang ZENG, Jinliao HE, Lei YE 2025, 34(9): 103-115.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20230833 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2327KB) ( )   Brokerage cities are the key actors to maintain the technology transfer between cities. Taking the Yangtze River Economic Belt as the research region, based on the transfer data of invention patents of strategic emerging industries from 2001 to 2020, this paper constructs a technology transfer network, and uses brokerage city scores, RCA index and panel data Logit model to identify five types of brokerage cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (Coordinator, Gatekeeper, Representative, Itinerant and Liaison city-regions） and analyzes the influencing factors of their formation. The results show that：① The distribution pattern of brokerage cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt shows a high concentration toward the three major urban agglomerations， among which， Coordinators and Representatives are mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta region， Itinerants and Liaisons are mainly concentrated in the Yangtze River middle reaches and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomerations， and the distribution of Gatekeepers are relatively balanced. ②Knowledge stock is an important endowment to assume the role of brokerage cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. ③In addition， Coordinators attach importance to local technology transfer ability and technology absorptive ability to maintain intra-region technology transfer activities and knowledge base updating, while Gatekeepers and Representatives are significantly affected by technology absorptive and diffusing ability respectively. Itinerants and Liaisons rely on technology diffusing capacity to promote the export and application of new technologies to innovation-developed regions, so as to realize the innovative value of technological interactions between developed and underdeveloped regions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of county agglomeration economic differentiation on carbon emissions: A case study of 1384 counties in China Yang LU, Xiao LIU, Huan CHEN, Zhangqi ZHONG 2025, 34(9): 116-129.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20240169 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (741KB) ( )   The agglomeration economy not only plays an extremely important role in the development process of regional industrialization, but also makes the hierarchical differentiation of the scale of the agglomeration economy between regional economic units increasingly prominent. As the regional agglomeration economies continue to diverge, the world's environmental problems are becoming increasingly severe, which is posing a serious challenge to the achievement of carbon reduction targets in all regions. Given that, by taking China's 1384 counties as an example, this paper explores the effect of county agglomeration economic differentiation on carbon emissions through empirical tests. The results indicate that: ① Overall, agglomeration economic differentiation significantly increases the level of carbon emissions in Chinese counties. ②Labor mobility and local investment incentives are important mechanisms for agglomeration economic differentiation to increase the level of carbon emissions in China's counties.③ Although agglomeration economic differentiation reduces the level of county carbon emissions in central and eastern China, it increases the level of county carbon emissions in western China. In addition, as the agglomeration economic differentiation level rises, the carbon-increasing effect caused by county agglomeration economic differentiation shows an "inverted U-shape" trend. Based on the above conclusions, this paper makes the following policy recommendations:①Local governments should promote the process of taking on technology-intensive or service-oriented low-carbon emission industries in the county, thereby reducing the carbon-increasing effect of the divergence of agglomeration economies. ② In order to enhance or realize the carbon-reducing effect of agglomeration economic differentiation, local governments should formulate complementary industrial development policies in accordance with the characteristics of different regions at the current stage, so as to ultimately reduce the carbon emission level of the region. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The diffusion of rural PV technology based on geographies of transitions: A case of S Village in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province Ke DONG, Xiaohui HU 2025, 34(9): 130-142.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20240757 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1154KB) ( )   Based on the Technological Innovation systems (TIS) in transition studies, this paper constructs an analytical framework of geographies of transition process studies for China's rural socio-cultural contexts. This framework is particularly used to explore the dynamic process and its characteristics of rural household PV technology diffusion (represented as PV products). Based on our multiple in-depth fieldworks conducted in S village of Jiaxing, Zhejiang between 2017and 2021, the findings are: ① there are two groups in S village, which have generated two distinct modes of PV technology diffusion. One is the "state-led" model: the local government not only provides PV equipment and related technology support to all households of one group for free, but also pays the rent for households' roofs. In so doing, this model attempts to set a demonstration for the other group; The other is the "firm-led" model: firms, rather than the government, promote and sell PV equipment to households. This requires the villagers of the group to purchase PV products on their own; ② the first model involves state guarantee, which has brought about a high level of social acceptance for PV technology, leading to a high installation rate. However, due to the lack of users' experience of the technology, there is a lack of rational knowledge creation and dissemination. This model, despite its nature of state-led project, fails to generate an enabling demonstration effect for other households in the village; The second model is led by private firms. Firms complete each other to achieve sell records as quick as possible, which has resulted in the creation of knowledge on the PV technology is highly profit-oriented and not based on the fact. Besides, compared to the first model, this model lacks state guarantee. It thus has led to a low degree of social acceptance and of PV installation rate;③The two models both lack users-based, rational knowledge creation and dissemination. They are also ill-equipped with multiple actors who can enable cognitive coordination and resource mobilization for PV technology diffusion. Neither model has generated an enabling process of legitimization and has failed to build up a technological innovation system; ④ The specific rural socio-culture contexts of China play a crucial role in affecting the efficiency of the creation and dissemination of rational knowledge on green technologies. This paper reflects the current research inquiry on the sustainability transitions that studies should go beyond the existing research focus on the urban context. It is highly needed to put more emphasis on the role of the rural socio-culture context, and it's embedded in the agency. This paper also provides a sound empirical basis for the broader theorization project for future's geography of transition studies in China. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the dynamic evolution and influencing factors of the cultural and tourism industry development gap in the Yangtze River Delta region Runze MAO, Yuan LIU, Zhen LIU 2025, 34(9): 143-157.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20240023 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1461KB) ( )   Against the backdrop of establishing a unified mega-market, how to narrow the development gap of cultural and tourism industries between regions has become the key to whether China's regional cultural and tourism industries can achieve integrated development. Drawing upon panel data spanning from 2010 to 2021 across 41 prefecture-level cities within the Yangtze River Delta, this study employs the Dagum Gini coefficient to assess the development gap and spatiotemporal evolution patterns of cultural and tourism industries across different regions within the Delta. Additionally, the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) method was used to examine the influencing factors of the development gap in the cultural and tourism industries.The study uncovers the following key findings:①A significant overall disparity in the developmental trajectories of cultural and tourism industries is evident across regions within the Yangtze River Delta, albeit demonstrating a declining trend. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Language barriers in mobility: Influence of dialect differences on the income level of migrant population Deshan LI, Chenyang GOU, Shuangqiang LI 2025, 34(9): 158-170.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20240073 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (640KB) ( )   As reform of China's household registration system continues to deepen, the transformation of the social structure is also accelerating. The cultural differences among groups represented by the local accent have become one of the important obstacles to the economic and social integration of the migrant population. This article empirically tested the impact and mechanism of dialect differences on the income level of migrant population based on the 2018 China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) data. The main research finds that the use of hometown dialects significantly reduces the income level of migrant population. The results of heterogeneity analysis indicate that this dialect difference is more obvious among the less educated migrant population and the migrant population in northern regions. Mechanism analysis shows that dialect differences can affect the income level of migrant population by influencing their trust in their neighbors and neighborhood relationships. Further research finds that dialect distance also has a significant negative impact on the income level of migrant population. The research findings of this article provide useful policy insights for promoting the social integration of migrant population. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial distribution characteristics of rural relative poverty in southwest mountainous areas in China and its influencing factors Yuanli LIU, Yan YAO, Yaxi XU, Rui WANG 2025, 34(9): 171-185.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20240358 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1953KB) ( )   Rural relative poverty influences China's strategy for rural revitalization and goal of common prosperity. Therefore, in this study, based on the theory of multidimensional poverty and the regional system theory of the man-land relationship, we selected 5,502 sample rural households in Tianzhu County, Guizhou Province, identified the relatively poor households using quantitative geography and geographic information system spatial analysis, and discussed the characteristics of the spatial distribution of rural relative poverty and its influencing factors. ①The degree of rural relative poverty was high, with variations in different dimensions. The dimensions of feasible capability and economic conditions portrayed the highest degree of relative poverty, whereas the dimensions of social security and endogenous power portrayed the lowest. Defining the relatively poor households in the rural area as 60% of the median of the relative poverty index was verified to be reasonable and scientific. ② The study area had obvious agglomeration characteristics and portrayed an unbalanced distribution state; its spatial distribution was agglomerative. Overall, the study area exhibited spatial distribution characteristics of "central dispersion and peripheral agglomeration," i.e., agglomeration around the county seat as the center. ③ Rural relative poverty was influenced by natural geographical and socioeconomic factors and principally concentrated in regions with high altitude and slope, poor cultivated land resources, poor economic conditions that lack labor endowment, being farther from main roads, and residents with a comparatively low education level. We propose the implementation of a long-term mechanism for relative poverty control in the study area through multiple synergistic effects of government, society, individuals, market and promotion of industrial development, development of farmers' skills, educational assistance, comprehensive land improvement, and the relocation of impoverished residents, to ensure rural revitalization and boost common prosperity. Our study can serve as a foundation for countries that need to address rural relative poverty to ensure comprehensive economic development. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Perspectives and values of place-based geography education Xin AI, Yushan DUAN 2025, 34(9): 186-198.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.09.20230820 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (593KB) ( )   In an era marked by rapid globalization and societal transformation, geography emerges as a pivotal discipline uniquely attuned to the significance of place. The integration of place-based geography education serves as a crucial conduit between geographic development and disciplinary consolidation, empowering students to engage meaningfully with contemporary global challenges. By fostering dialogue on pertinent societal issues, forging symbiotic school-community relationships, and nurturing a civic ethos among learners, place-based geography education fosters a profound sense of identity and belonging, thereby advancing social equity and the pursuit of sustainable development objectives. An examination of international scholarship on place-based geography education reveals a predominant focus on English-speaking nations in the global north, 2003-2023. This literature predominantly centers on thematic areas within the geographical domain such as earth sciences, ecology, environmental studies, and artistic representations of landscapes. Notably, efforts to advance place-based geography education entail interdisciplinary curriculum development, thereby advocating for the integration of geographical principles into diverse academic domains. Nevertheless, the successful implementation of place-based geography education necessitates rigorous curriculum design and teacher preparedness, alongside a concerted effort to delineate clear learning trajectories. Moreover, it underscores the imperative for enhanced collaboration between academic researchers and educational practitioners to propel scholarly inquiry and pedagogical innovation in geography education. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics