越南生态用地格局演变及其驱动机制研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2024.11.20230069

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于越南2000、2010和2020年3期土地利用数据，运用土地利用转移矩阵、标准差椭圆、小波相干模型等方法研究了越南生态用地的组成、格局演变及驱动机制。结果表明：（1）越南生态用地空间分布呈现西北部数量多、东南部数量少的空间格局，在越南生态用地类型中，林地的占比最高，2020年达到生态用地总面积的85.8%，空间集聚特征明显。（2）2000—2020年，越南生态用地面积由190 012.06 km²减少到178 545.07 km²，各个类型的生态用地面积持续而缓慢地减少，生态用地转出面积是转入面积的2.62倍，生态用地转出的主要类型是林地、灌木地转为耕地，生态用地转入的主要类型是耕地转为林地，生态用地转换主要集中在红河三角洲、黄连山脉等地。（3）通过构建“驱动-响应-状态”的驱动机制分析框架，发现农业经济开发是越南生态用地格局受到挤压的主因，城市化、工业化、全球气候变暖是决定越南生态用地转变方向的重要因素，生态保护、生态旅游发展则起到维持并提高越南生态功能的重要作用。

关键词: 生态用地格局, 时空演变, 驱动机制, 越南

Abstract:

In this paper, the land use data of Vietnam in 2000,2010 and 2020 were collected, and the composition, pattern and driving mechanism of ecological land in Vietnam were researched by means of a land use transfer matrix, land use transfer map, standard deviation ellipse and wavelet coherence model. The results show that: 1) The spatial distribution of ecological land in Vietnam showed a spatial pattern of a large number in the northwest and a small number in the southeast. Among the types of ecological land in Vietnam, forest land accounted for the highest proportion, reaching 85.8 % of the total area of ecological land in 2020, with obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics. 2) From 2000 to 2020, the area of ecological land decreased from 190 012.06 km² to 178 545.07 km², and the area of each type of ecological land decreased continuously and slowly. The area of ecological land transfer was 2.62 times the area of transfer. The main types of ecological land transfer were forest land and shrub land to cultivated land. The main types of ecological land transfer were cultivated land to forest land. The conversion of ecological land was mainly concentrated in the Red River Delta, Huanglian Mountains and other places. 3) The evolution of ecological land use patterns is reflected in the driving mechanism of power-response-result. Agricultural economic development is the main reason for the extrusion of ecological land use pattern. Urbanization, industrialization and global climate are important measures to determine the direction of ecological land transformation. Ecological protection and ecotourism development play an engine role in maintaining important functions.Key words: ecological land pattern; space-time evolution; driving mechanism; Vietnam

赵先超, 陈键, 谭书佳. 越南生态用地格局演变及其驱动机制研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(11): 53-64.

Xianchao ZHAO, Jian CHEN, Shujia TAN. Research on the evolution and driving mechanism of ecological land pattern in Vietnam[J]. World Regional Studies, 2024, 33(11): 53-64.

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类别	驱动因子	驱动因子解释
自然因素	年均气温变化率	反映20a间平均每年的气温变化情况
自然因素	年均降水变化率	反映20a间平均每年的降水量变化情况
社会因素	城镇人口变化率	表征城镇人口数量变化情况
社会因素	农村人口变化率	表征农村人口数量变化情况
经济因素	地均GDP增长率	表征地区经济产值变化情况
	人均GDP增长率	表征地区人口经济发展程度
	第一产业GDP占比	表征第一产业产值在国民经济发展中的贡献率
	第二产业GDP占比	表征第二产业产值在国民经济发展中的贡献率
	第三产业GDP占比	表征第三产业产值在国民经济发展中的贡献率
	综合能源消耗量	反映能源消费水平、构成和增长速度的总量指标
政策因素	新增耕地面积	20a来新增的耕地面积规模
政策因素	建设用地面积变化率	反映政府对建设用地指标的管控程度，揭示建设用地扩张情况

类别	驱动因子	驱动因子解释
自然因素	年均气温变化率	反映20a间平均每年的气温变化情况
自然因素	年均降水变化率	反映20a间平均每年的降水量变化情况
社会因素	城镇人口变化率	表征城镇人口数量变化情况
社会因素	农村人口变化率	表征农村人口数量变化情况
经济因素	地均GDP增长率	表征地区经济产值变化情况
	人均GDP增长率	表征地区人口经济发展程度
	第一产业GDP占比	表征第一产业产值在国民经济发展中的贡献率
	第二产业GDP占比	表征第二产业产值在国民经济发展中的贡献率
	第三产业GDP占比	表征第三产业产值在国民经济发展中的贡献率
	综合能源消耗量	反映能源消费水平、构成和增长速度的总量指标
政策因素	新增耕地面积	20a来新增的耕地面积规模
政策因素	建设用地面积变化率	反映政府对建设用地指标的管控程度，揭示建设用地扩张情况

地类		2000年	2010年	2020年	2000—2010	2010—2020
生态用地	林地	161 270.86	160 366.98	153 361.47	－903.88	－7 005.51
	草地	22 121.24	20 369.52	19 534.22	－1 751.72	－835.30
	灌木地	4 551.93	5 113.63	3 944.63	561.70	－1 169.00
	湿地	2 068.03	1 912.19	1 704.74	－155.83	－207.45
	合计	190 012.06	187 762.32	178 545.07	－2 249.73	－9 217.26
非生态用地	耕地	125 806.79	127 892.07	132 172.22	2 085.28	4 280.16
	水体	7 434.21	7 063.08	7 978.61	－371.13	915.53
	人造地表	5 938.95	6 442.23	10 330.77	503.27	3 888.54
	裸地	231.53	232.27	400.48	0.74	168.21
	合计	139 411.49	141 629.65	150 882.08	2 218.16	9 252.43

地类		2000年	2010年	2020年	2000—2010	2010—2020
生态用地	林地	161 270.86	160 366.98	153 361.47	－903.88	－7 005.51
	草地	22 121.24	20 369.52	19 534.22	－1 751.72	－835.30
	灌木地	4 551.93	5 113.63	3 944.63	561.70	－1 169.00
	湿地	2 068.03	1 912.19	1 704.74	－155.83	－207.45
	合计	190 012.06	187 762.32	178 545.07	－2 249.73	－9 217.26
非生态用地	耕地	125 806.79	127 892.07	132 172.22	2 085.28	4 280.16
	水体	7 434.21	7 063.08	7 978.61	－371.13	915.53
	人造地表	5 938.95	6 442.23	10 330.77	503.27	3 888.54
	裸地	231.53	232.27	400.48	0.74	168.21
	合计	139 411.49	141 629.65	150 882.08	2 218.16	9 252.43

用地类型		生态用地				非生态用地
用地类型		林地	草地	灌木地	湿地	耕地	人造地表	水体	裸地
生态用地	林地	140 685.79	6 059.09	1 565.50	35.27	11 751.65	271.83	756.52	116.62
	草地	6 761.57	11 349.56	435.11	17.08	2 931.87	253.28	244.33	120.52
	灌木地	1 431.72	439.29	1 401.97	4.33	1 100.87	63.44	109.13	0.00
	湿地	106.12	32.59	9.13	1 074.53	559.87	99.36	175.16	8.85
非生态用地	耕地	4 109.20	1 413.95	498.21	387.65	113 193.51	4 765.53	1 373.48	50.78
	人造地表	25.42	76.49	6.17	4.90	1 041.89	4 735.58	41.98	5.38
	水体	206.87	143.01	27.60	175.51	1 469.72	122.35	5 251.89	16.59
	裸地	4.89	15.01	0.00	2.02	109.50	15.91	3.01	80.94