Abstract:

India has become the world's fastest-growing and one of the top ten big economy. Land resource plays an important role in India's development. As one of the countries with the largest cultivated land area and agricultural history, the spatial configuration and evolution of the land use of India are significant to global food safety and sustainability. We obtained the GlobeLand 30 land use data of India in the year 2000, 2010 and 2020, and classified the land use into six types including cultivated land, forest land, grassland, waterbody, construction land and unused land. Then we explored the size, composition, morphology and configuration of each land use type, examined the spatio-temporal evolution and conversation of land use by landscape metrics, rising and falling Tupu and transition Tupu. We also analyzed the driving force of land use change of India by the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. It is found that: (1) The cultivated land accounts as high as 62.91 % of which is the main land use type. The patch is very irregular with the value of area weighted average fractal dimension index as 1.37. The total area of cultivated land keeps stable, while more and more cultivated land has been changed to construction land due to rapid urbanization and growing population.(2)Forest land ranks second in terms of area. It shows obvious spatial agglomeration property. The area of forest land decreases slowly but steadily. It has changed into unused land from the year 2000 to 2010 with a transition rate of 19.73%, and then interchanged with grassland from year 2011 to 2020, with the in and out transition rate of 17.94% and 18.17%, respectively.(3)The grassland of India distributes fragmentedly and dispersedly. It increases slowly and has the largest incremental area. The ratio of the incremental grassland area to all the incremental land is as high as 28.31% and 28.64% from 2000 to 2010, and 2011 to 2020, respectively, in which 18.91% and 18.17% are transited from forest land. (4)Most of the construction land is clustered in the national capital territory of Delhi, and West Bengal and Assam in east India. The patches of construction land are relatively regular. The area of construction land has increased rapidly recently. Its transition rate reaches as high as 2.51% in which most are transited from cultivated land.(5)The extreme temperature, elevation, population, GDP and policy are the main driving forces both for cultivated and construction land-use change.

Key words: India, land use, spatio-temporal evolution, spatial graph, influencing factors

摘要：

印度已成为全球十大经济体之一，也是全球增长最快的新兴经济体。作为世界耕地大国和农业大国，印度的土地利用格局演化对全球粮食安全和可持续发展意义重大。收集了印度2000、2010和2020年3期土地利用数据，借助景观格局指数、土地利用动态度模型、土地利用转移图谱等方法刻画了印度土地利用的规模、组成、形态、格局及时空演化特征，研究发现：①印度的土地利用类型中，耕地占比最高，2020年占总面积的62.91%。斑块形态较复杂，其面积加权平均斑块分维数为1.37。耕地总面积保持相对稳定，与其他用地类型的转入转出整体保持平衡，但耕地转为建设用地的比率近年来快速增加，2010—2020年建设用地成为耕地主转出类型，反映了快速城市化与人口增长的影响。②林地为印度第二大用地类型，空间集聚特征明显。林地面积持续而缓慢地减少，2000—2010年主要退化为未利用地（转出比率19.73%），2010—2020年主要与草地相互转换（转入转出比率分别为17.94%、18.17%）。③印度草地分布破碎离散，因转入大于转出，总面积持续小幅度增加，2000—2010年、2010—2020年草地新增面积分别占所有用地新增面积的28.31%、28.64%，新增用地多由林地转入（分别为18.91%、18.17%）。④建设用地主要分布于首都新德里及印度东部的西孟加拉邦和阿萨姆邦，斑块相对规则。近年来，印度建设用地面积不断扩张，2010—2020动态度达2.51%，主要由耕地转入。⑤构建地理加权回归模型，发现极端温度、高程、人口、GDP与政策是印度耕地与建设用地演化的主要驱动因子。

关键词: 印度, 土地利用, 时空演化, 空间图谱, 影响因素