The core-periphery distribution and evolutionary characteristics of population and employment in metropolitan areas: Experience and enlightenment from London, New York, Tokyo and Paris

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2023.05.2020571

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on existing research consensus about the ring structure of metropolitan areas, this paper divided the metropolitan areas of London, New York, Tokyo and Paris into four spatial spheres with a radius of 5 km, 15 km and 30 km, and carried out comparative analysis on the same scale. Data analysis, spatial analysis, historical process review and deduction methods were used to reveal the distribution characteristics of population and employment. The results show that the population distribution patterns of metropolitan areas are diversified, while the central area generally experiences the process of population decentralization and re-concentration. With a common monocentric pattern of employment distribution in chosen metropolitan areas, the success or failure of new town planning and construction has a significant impact on the center-periphery relationship. The current development trend is both the promotion of sub-centers in peripheral areas and the internal differentiation of the strong center at the same time. The jobs-housing organization patterns of chosen metropolitan areas can be divided into the "respective balance" mode represented by New York and the "gradient balance" mode of the other three. The former mode keeps the working and living space closer and helps reduce long-distance commuters, while the latter mode can enhance efficiency by constructing mass public transport. Based on the similar spatial scale and development stage, Beijing and other developing metropolitan areas in China can learn from the experiences of the chosen four metropolitan areas. It is also important to leave room for adjustment for long-term development.

Key words: population, employment, jobs-housing balance, metropolitan areas, spheres

摘要：

参考既有研究，以5 km、15 km、30 km半径为界，将伦敦、纽约、东京、巴黎大都市区划分为四个空间圈层，开展同尺度对比分析。研究发现，大都市区人口分布形态较为多样化，而中心地区普遍经历了人口先扩散再回流的历程；就业主要建立在共有的强单中心模式基础上，新城规划建设的成功与否对中心-外围关系有显著影响，当前演化趋势是外围地区次中心提升与中心地区内部分化并行；职住空间组织模式分为以纽约为代表的“内外各自平衡”模式和其他大都市区的“圈层梯度平衡”模式。北京及其他发展中的国内大都市区应基于相同空间尺度和相近发展阶段，合理借鉴国际经验，同时为未来的长远发展留有调整余地。

关键词: 人口, 就业, 职住平衡, 大都市区, 圈层

Yimin WU, Xiaodong SHI, Ming YANG, Jili WANG, Yuling JIA. The core-periphery distribution and evolutionary characteristics of population and employment in metropolitan areas: Experience and enlightenment from London, New York, Tokyo and Paris[J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(5): 91-101.

伍毅敏, 石晓冬, 杨明, 王吉力, 加雨灵. 大都市区人口就业圈层分布与演变特征[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(5): 91-101.

Figures/Tables 11

Tab.1 Population and employment data of four metropolitan areas

数据项	伦敦大都市区	纽约大都市区	东京大都市区	巴黎大都市区
大都市区总面积/km²	14 552	21 482	13 562	12 012
居住人口/万人	1 496	2 009	3 592	1 203
人口密度/（万人/km²）	0.103	0.094	0.265	0.100
就业岗位/万人	769	933	1 843	568
就业密度/（万人/km²）	0.053	0.043	0.136	0.047
职住比（就业岗位/居住人口）	0.51	0.46	0.51	0.47

Fig.1 Ring structure of London， New York， Tokyo and Paris metropolitan areas

Fig.2 Population density， employment density in different spheres of chosen metropolitan areas

Fig.3 Evolution of population density in the central areas of chosen metropolitan areas

Fig.4 Population distribution in chosen metropolitan areas

Tab.2 Central/peripheral distribution of population and employment in chosen metropolitan areas

中心-外围关系	大都市区	中心地区人口占比/%	中心地区就业占比/%
人口郊区化、向心通勤	伦敦大都市区	23.2	40.1
人口郊区化、向心通勤	东京大都市区	25.4	43.8
单中心化、外围发展慢	纽约大都市区	45.7	47.6
单中心化、外围发展慢	巴黎大都市区	56.1	67.4

Fig.5 Evolution of population， employment and jobs-housing ratio in Tokyo metropolitan areas

Fig.6 Jobs-housing organization patterns under the ring structure in chosen metropolitan areas

Tab.3 Residents’ average one-way commuting time in chosen metropolitan areas（min）

城市	第一圈层	第二圈层	第三圈层	第四圈层	大都市区整体
伦敦（2010）	37.0		39.0	25.0	27.0
纽约（2006）	30.0	41.5	31.0	29.0	33.0
东京（2013）	31.4	43.1	50.8	38.8	45.2
巴黎（2008）	31.0	33.0	36.0		34.0

Fig.7 Current population and employment distribution characteristics in Beijing

Fig.8 Population distribution in Beijing

References 35

1	朱宇,丁金宏,王桂新,等.近40年来的中国人口地理学——一个跨学科研究领域的进展.地理科学进展,2017,36(4):466-482.
	ZHU Y, DING J, WANG G,et al. Research progress on population geography in China in recent 40 years: A cross-disciplinary perspective. Progress in Geography, 2017,36(4):466-482.
2	张善余.世界大都市圈的人口发展及特征分析.城市规划,2003(3):37-42.
	ZHANG S. Study on the population growth and their characteristics of the metropolitan areas in the world. City Planning Review,2003(3):37-42.
3	陆军,宋吉涛,汪文姝.世界城市的人口分布格局研究——以纽约、东京、伦敦为例.世界地理研究,2010,19(1):28-35.
	LU J, SONG J, WANG W. Distribution of population in world cities: A case study of New York, Tokyo and London. World Regional Studies, 2010,19(1):28-35.
4	王桂新,王丽.国外大城市人口发展特征及其对上海市的启示.中国人口科学,2005(S1):48-57.
	WANG G, WANG L. The characteristics of population development in foreign big cities and its enlightenment to shanghai. Chinese Journal of Population Science,2005(S1):48-57.
5	孙铁山,王兰兰,李国平.北京都市区人口-就业分布与空间结构演化.地理学报,2012,67(6):829-840.
	SUN T, WANG L, LI G. Distributions of population and employment and evolution of spatial structures in the Beijing metropolitan area. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(6):829-840.
6	丁亮,钮心毅,宋小冬.上海中心城就业中心体系测度——基于手机信令数据的研究.地理学报,2016,71(3):484-499.
	DING L, NIU X, SONG X. Measuring the employment center system in Shanghai central city: A study using mobile phone signaling data. Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(3): 484-499.
7	杨明,王吉力,伍毅敏,等.边缘城镇崛起下的特大城市职住梯度平衡研究——以北京为例.城市发展研究,2019,26(10):12-20.
	YANG M, WANG J, WU Y,et al. Study on the gradient balance of jobs-housing in mega-city under the rise of edge cities: Take Beijing as an example. Urban Development Studies,2019,26(10):12-20.
8	诸大建.从国际大都市的空间形态看上海的人口与发展.城市规划汇刊,2003(4):30-33.
	ZHU D. Study on Shanghai's population and development in view of international metropolitan spatial configuration. Urban Planning Forum,2003(4):30-33.
9	吴雪明.世界城市的空间形态和人口分布——伦敦、巴黎、纽约、东京的比较及对上海的模拟.世界经济研究,2003(7):22-27.
	WU X. Spatial form and population distribution of world cities: Comparison of London, Paris, New York and Tokyo and simulation of Shanghai. World Economy Study, 2003(7):22-27.
10	胡波,王姗,喻涛.协同发展视角下的首都特大城市地区分圈层空间布局策略.城市规划学刊, 2015(5):68-74.
	HU B, WANG S, YU T. Spatial strategy of the capital region under collaborative development perspective. Urban Planning Forum,2015(5):68-74.
11	THÜNEN V, HALL P. Isolated State: An English Edition of Der Isolierte Staat. Oxford: Pergamon Press,1966.
12	肖清宇.圈层式空间结构理论发展综述.人文地理,1991(2):66-70.
	XIAO Q. A review of the development of the theory of circle and layer spatial structure. Human Geography,1991(2):66-70.
13	康盈,桑东升,李献忠.大都市区范围与空间圈层界定方法与技术路线探讨—以重庆市大都市区空间发展研究为例.城市发展研究,2015,22(1):22-27.
	KANG Y, SANG D, LI X. Metropolitan area boundary define and research method discussion: A case study of Chongqing metropolitan area plan-making. Urban Development Studies,2015,22(1):22-27.
14	车春鹂,高汝熹,刘磊. 基于国际比较的上海市圈层结构研究.上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2009,17(3):36-44.
	CHE C, GAO R, LIU L. An empirical comparative study of the ring structure of Shanghai. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Philosophy and Social Science), 2009,17(3):36-44.
15	郑德高,朱郁郁,陈阳,等.上海大都市圈的圈层结构与功能网络研究.城市规划学刊,2017(5):41-49.
	ZHENG D, ZHU Y, CHEN Y,et al.Structure and functional network of Shanghai metropolitan.Urban Planning Forum,2017(5):41-49.
16	王超深,吴潇.国外大都市区中心体系空间特征解析及规划启示.规划师,2019,35(20):83-89.
	WANG C, WU X. Spatial characters and planning illumination of the center system in foreign high density metropolitan areas. Planners,2019,35(20):83-89.
17	张京祥,邹军,吴启焰,等.论都市圈地域空间的组织.城市规划,2001(5):19-23.
	ZHANG J, ZOU J, WU Q,et al. On the spatial organization of the metropolitan area. City Planning Review,2001(5):19-23.
18	HALL P. The four world cities transport study: London Research Centre (Caralampo Focas, ed.), The Stationery Office, London. Journal of Transport Geography,1999,7(3):226-227.
19	武廷海,高元.第四次纽约大都市地区规划及其启示.国际城市规划,2016,31(6):96-103.
	WU T, GAO Y. Fourth regional plan of the New York metropolitan and its revelation. Urban Planning International,2016,31(6):96-103.
20	张磊.都市圈空间结构演变的制度逻辑与启示:以东京都市圈为例.城市规划学刊,2019(1):74-81.
	ZHANG L. Institutional perspective on the change of metropolitan spatial structure and its implications: A case study of the Tokyo metropolitan area. Urban Planning Forum,2019(1):74-81.
21	郑德高,马璇,张振广,等.基于国际比较的上海大都市圈多尺度土地开发思路研究.城乡规划,2019(4):4-12.
	ZHENG D, MA X, ZHANG Z,et al. Research on multi-scale land development ideas of Shanghai metropolitan circle based on international comparison. Urban and Rural Planning, 2019(4):4-12.
22	袁海琴.全球化时代国际大都市城市中心的发展——国际经验与借鉴.国际城市规划,2007(5):70-74.
	YUAN H. The development of city centers of international metropolises in the process of globalization. Urban Planning International,2007(5):70-74.
23	刘磊.上海城市圈层结构研究.上海:上海交通大学,2008.
	LIU L. Research on the layer structure of Shanghai city region. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2008.
24	BERTAUD A, MALPEZZI S. The spatial distribution of population in 48 world cities: Implications for economies in transition. Center for Urban Land Economics Research, University of Wisconsin,2003,32(1):54-55.
25	ANAS A, ARNOTT R, SMALL K. Urban spatial structure. Journal of Economic Literature,1998, 36(3):1426-1464.
26	李伟,伍毅敏.以世界城市为鉴,论北京大都市区空间发展战略.北京规划建设,2018(1):9-14.
	LI W, WU Y. On the spatial development strategy of Beijing metropolitan area based on world cities. Beijing Planning Review,2018(1):9-14.
27	胡以志,武军.全球化·世界城市·全球城市//中国城市规划学会.中国城市规划学会国外城市规划学术委员会及«国际城市规划»杂志编委会2010年会论文集.2010:56-66.
	HU Y, WU J. Globalization, world cities and global cities// Urban Planning Society of China. Proceedings of 2010 annual meeting of Foreign Urban Planning Academic Committee of China Urban Planning Society. 2010:56-66.
28	田莉.纽约大都市区规划.城市与区域规划研究,2012,5(1):179-195.
	TIAN L. Planning of the New York metropolitan area. Journal of Urban and Regional Planning,2012,5(1):179-195.
29	卢多维克·阿尔贝,高璟.从未实现的多中心城市区域:巴黎聚集区、巴黎盆地和法国的空间规划战略.国际城市规划,2008(1):52-57.
	LUDOVIC H, GAO J. The polycentric city region that never was: The Paris agglomeration, Bassin Parisien and spatial planning strategies in France. Urban Planning International,2008(1):52-57.
30	Greater London Authority. The London plan. Greater London Authority, 2016.
31	陈建滨.后京都时代大巴黎地区多中心结构规划浅析//中国城市规划学会.规划60年:成就与挑战—2016中国城市规划年会论文集. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016:234-247.
	CHEN J. Polycentric structure planning of Greater Paris in post Kyoto Era// Urban Planning Society of China. 60 Years of Planning: Achievements and Challenges-Proceedings of 2016 China Urban Planning Annual Conference.Beijing:China Architecture & Building Press,2016:234-247.
32	孟晓晨,吴静,沈凡卜.职住平衡的研究回顾及观点综述.城市发展研究, 2009,16(6):23-28.
	MENG X, WU J, SHEN F. The study review of urban jobs-housing balance. Urban Development Studies, 2009,16(6):23-28.
33	沈忱,张纯,夏海山,等.大都市圈职住空间关系与就业可达性:交通基础设施的影响.国际城市规划,2019,34(2):64-69.
	SHEN C, ZHANG C, XIA H,et al. Job-housing spatial relationship and job accessibility of metropolitan area: The influence of transportation infrastructure. Urban Planning International, 2019,34(2):64-69.
34	富田和晓·藤井正.新版图说大都市圈.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2015.
	TOMITA S F. New Version of Metropolitan Area. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2015.
35	石晓冬,伍毅敏,杨明,等.国际大都市区职住特征比较及对北京职住关系优化的建议.人类居住,2018(4):48-54.
	SHI X, WU Y, YANG M,et al. A comparative study of jobs-housing relationship in world renowned metropolitan areas and suggestions to Beijing. Human Settlements, 2018(4):48-54.

[1]	Ning LIU, Qing LIU, Guicai LI. Research progress and prospect of population migration in counties, towns and villages in China [J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(2): 166-178.
[2]	Yunxiao DANG, Wenzhong ZHANG, Shaohua WU, Lefeng QIU. Study on the residence-employment change of migrants and its influence on subjective well-being: A case study of Beijing [J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(2): 59-69.
[3]	Linjing MA, Peisu LI, Yahong WU. How does urbanization affect informal employment? [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(6): 1273-1284.
[4]	Yihui HUANG, Hongsheng CHEN, Zhigang LI. Unbalanced transnational population mobility: Reflections on the history and policy of US-Mexico immigration [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(6): 1204-1214.
[5]	Ningning WANG, Xiaoyong ZHAO. Analysis and modeling of the long-term population migration from the perspective of social security relations transfer [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(5): 1096-1107.
[6]	Xu YIN, Peng LI, Zhiming FENG, Zhen YOU, Chiwei XIAO. Characteristics of spatio-temporal differences and evolution types of Vietnamese population from 2000 to 2019 [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(5): 941-952.
[7]	Shaoyan CAI. Knowledge map analysis on the study of Chinese family migration [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(3): 649-661.
[8]	Kui YING, Xudong LI. The evolution of spatial pattern and influencing factors of population mortality in China [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(2): 440-452.
[9]	Nanchen CHU, Pingyu ZHANG, Xiangli WU, He LI, Qifeng YANG. Population growth and spatial distribution pattern of Russia since the 21st century [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(6): 1115-1126.
[10]	Xinxian WANG, Xiangdong GAO. The spatial distribution and evolution characteristics of the Muslim population in China [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(6): 1297-1307.
[11]	Yang YANG, Xiaolan TANG, Yanyan JIA, Qiaoqiao Zhan. Spatial-temporal coupling coordination degree and driving factors of population, land and economy urbanization in the Yangtze Basin [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(5): 978-990.
[12]	Daliang JIANG, Hang REN, Binglin LIU, Shengnan JIANG, Zhenke ZHANG. Temporal-spatial pattern of regional population expansion in Africa in 1990-2015 [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(4): 851-863.
[13]	Mengran XU, Zhenfa LI, Canfei HE, Wei LI. The impact of "Internet +" on the manufacturing employment in China [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(3): 577-588.
[14]	Ting YUAN, Weidong¹ CAO, Mingxing CHEN, Wei QI. Research on the spatial pattern of population agglomeration and dispersion in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region from a multidimensional perspective [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(3): 520-532.
[15]	Liang CHANG, Rongjun AO. Spatio-temporal pattern and influencing mechanism analysis of population ageing in China's border counties [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(2): 410-421.