2000—2020年印度城市扩张的时空分异及影响因素分析

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2025.03.20240193

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为全球人口最多的国家及第五大经济体，印度正在经历快速城市化进程，并面临显著的城市扩张带来的挑战。当前学术研究多聚焦于发达国家，而对发展中国家的关注相对较少。本研究利用2000—2020年的不透水面数据，界定城市实体范围，从规模和地区差异两方面探讨印度城市扩张的时空特征及其驱动因素。研究表明：①印度城市扩张强度经历了“初期增长，后期放缓”的演变过程，其间大城市扮演了关键角色；然而自2010年起，中小城市的扩张速度超越了大城市，标志着城市发展趋向均衡化。城市扩张的空间布局亦由南部高于北部逐渐转变为相反的格局，扩张热点从沿海地带转向内陆地区。②大城市倾向于紧凑型扩张，主要集中在印度南部和西部；相比之下，中小城市更多表现为蔓延式扩展，尤其在中部、北部和东部更为明显。③地形高度是影响城市扩张的重要因子，特别是对中等规模城市的影响尤为突出，其次为大城市。具体到区域差异，南部地区的高程效应最为强烈，其次是中部地区；人口密度仅对中部和东部的部分区域的城市扩展产生了局部影响。

关键词: 印度, 城市扩张, 景观扩张指数, 地理探测器

Abstract:

As the world's most populous country and the fifth-largest economy, India is undergoing rapid urbanization while facing significant challenges in urban expansion. Current studies on urban expansion are primarily focused on developed countries, with relatively less attention on developing nations. Using physical urban areas as urban space extracted from impervious surface data from 2000 to 2020, we characterize the spatio-temporal patterns of India's urban expansion and analyze the influencing factors from the perspectives of city size and regional differences. The results show: ①The intensity of India's urban expansion exhibits a phased trend, first increasing and then decreasing, with large cities being the main contributors. Since 2010, the overall expansion intensity of small and medium-sized cities has surpassed that of large cities, indicating a gradual shift toward balanced urban development. The spatial pattern of urban expansion has shifted from "higher in the south and lower in the north" to "lower in the south and higher in the north." Cities with rapid expansion show a distinct coastal and transportation-oriented pattern, shifting from coastal areas to inland transportation corridors. ②In large cities, compact expansion is more prevalent, concentrated in the southern and western regions of India, while small and medium-sized cities exhibit sprawling expansion, predominantly in the central, northern, and eastern regions. ③Elevation is the primary influencing factor for India's urban expansion, especially for medium-sized cities, followed by large cities. Regionally, the impact is most significant in the southern region, followed by the central region. In contrast, population density has only a localized impact on the central and eastern regions.

Key words: India, urban expansion, landscape expansion index, Geodetector

金宇侃, 张红, 陆兆鹏. 2000—2020年印度城市扩张的时空分异及影响因素分析[J]. 世界地理研究, 2025, 34(3): 168-181.

Yukan JIN, Hong ZHANG, Zhaopeng LU. Spatial and temporal evolution of urban expansion in India from 2000 to 2020[J]. World Regional Studies, 2025, 34(3): 168-181.

图/表 11

表1 印度行政区划及区域划分

Tab. 1 Administrative map and regions of India

	东部地区：比哈尔邦、恰尔肯德邦、奥里萨邦、锡金邦、西孟加拉邦
	东北部地区：阿萨姆邦、曼尼普尔邦、特里普拉邦、梅加拉亚邦、米佐拉姆邦、那加兰邦
	中部地区：北方邦、北阿肯德邦、中央邦、切蒂斯格尔邦
	南部地区：安得拉邦、特伦甘纳邦、卡纳塔克邦、喀拉拉邦、泰米尔纳德邦、本地治里中央直辖区、拉克沙群岛、安达曼-尼科巴群岛
	西部地区：果阿邦、古吉拉特邦、马哈拉施特拉邦、达曼-第乌中央直辖区、达德拉-纳加尔哈维利中央直辖区
	北部地区：哈里亚纳邦、喜马偕尔邦、旁遮普邦、拉贾斯坦邦、昌迪加尔中央直辖区、德里国家首都区

表2 城市扩张等级

Tab. 2 Level of urban expansion of urban expansion

等级	UEDI	含义
高速扩张型	UEDI≥2	远高于区域总体扩张水平的城市
快速扩张型	1.2≤UEDI≤2	高于区域总体扩张水平的城市
中速扩张型	0.8≤UEDI≤1.2	与区域总体扩张水平基本持平的城市
低速扩张型	0.4≤UEDI≤0.8	低于区域总体扩张水平的城市
低速扩张型	UEDI≤0.4	远低于区域总体扩张水平的城市

表3 城市扩张模式

Tab. 3 Pattern of urban expansion

模式	LEI	含义
飞地式	$L E I = 0$	新增斑块与现有城市用地无交集
边缘式	$0 < L E I ≤ 0.5$	新增斑块沿现有城市用地边缘扩展
填充式	$0.5 < L E I ≤ 1$	新增斑块填充了城市内部的空地

表3 城市扩张模式

Tab. 3 Pattern of urban expansion

模式	LEI	含义
飞地式	$L E I = 0$	新增斑块与现有城市用地无交集
边缘式	$0 < L E I ≤ 0.5$	新增斑块沿现有城市用地边缘扩展
填充式	$0.5 < L E I ≤ 1$	新增斑块填充了城市内部的空地

图 1 印度不同规模城市扩张面积的变化

Fig. 1 Variances of area expansion of cities with different sizes in India

图 2 印度不同规模城市扩张强度的变化

Fig. 2 Variances of expansion intensity of cities with different sizes in India

图 3 印度典型的城市扩张类型

Fig. 3 Typical expansion types of cities in India

图 4 印度不同规模城市扩张类型的数量

Fig. 4 Quantities of different expansion types of cities of different sizes in India

图 5 印度不同地区城市扩张面积变化

Fig. 5 Variances of area expansion of cities in different regions of India

图6 2000—2020年印度城市扩张差异指数时空分异

Fig. 6 Spatio-temporal variation of urban expansion difference index in India from 2000 to 2020

图7 2000—2020年印度城市扩张类型时空分异

Fig.7 Spatio-temporal variation of urban expansion type in India from 2000 to 2020

表4 印度不同规模和不同地区城市扩张影响因子探测结果

Tab.4 Factor detection results of urban expansion of Indian cities of different sizes and regions

影响因子	不同规模			不同地区
影响因子	大城市	中等城市	小城市	南部	西部	北部	中部	东部
人口密度（X1）	0.193	0.103	0.018	0.031	0.086	0.345	0.141^*	0.129^*
GDP（X2）	0.196	0.070	0.055^*	0.046	0.063	0.124	0.030	0.120
路网密度（X3）	0.081	0.106	0.028	0.086	0.105	0.100	0.051	0.109
高程（X4）	0.267^*	0.329^*	0.088^*	0.593^*	0.200^*	0.139	0.279^*	0.171
坡度（X5）	0.209	0.120	0.019	0.170^*	0.171^*	0.103	0.075	0.113
河网密度（X6）	0.113	0.094	0.013	0.050	0.037	0.112	0.038	0.085

参考文献 41

1	United Nations Human Settlements Programme. World cities report 2022: Envisaging the future of cities. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 2022.
2	HAMIDI S, EWING R. Is sprawl affordable for Americans? Exploring the association between housing and transportation affordability and urban sprawl. Transportation Research Record, 2015, 2500(1): 75-79.
3	LI L, ZHAN W, HU L, et al. Divergent urbanization-induced impacts on global surface urban heat island trends since 1980s. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2023, 295: 113650.
4	ZHONG S, WANG M, ZHU Y, et al. Urban expansion and the urban-rural income gap: Empirical evidence from China. Cities, 2022, 129: 103831.
5	HE Y, LIANG Y, LIU L, et al. Loss of green landscapes due to urban expansion in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2023, 199: 107228.
6	VAN VLIET J. Direct and indirect loss of natural area from urban expansion. Nature Sustainability, 2019, 2(8): 755-763.
7	姚国跃,刘胜华.中国与印度土地制度及其效能比较研究.世界地理研究,2015,24(2):59-67.
	YAO G, LIU S. A Comparative study of land systems between China and India.World Regional Studies,2015,24(2):59-67.
8	李佳洺, 杨宇, 樊杰, 等. 中印城镇化区域差异及城镇体系空间演化比较. 地理学报, 2017, 72(6): 986-1000.
	LI J, YANG Y, FAN J,et al. Comparative research on regional differences in urbanization and spatial evolution of urban systems between China and India. Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(6): 986-1000.
9	任冲, 宋立军. 印度城市化进程中存在的问题及原因探析. 东南亚纵横, 2013(8): 75-79.
	REN C, SONG L. An Analysis on the causes and the problems during the process of India's urbanization. Crossroads:Southeast Asian Studies,2013(8): 75-79.
10	文富德. 中印人口城镇化进展差异及其原因比较.南亚研究季刊,2016(2):48-54.
	WEN F. The Differences of urbanization progress in China and India and its reasons. South Asian Studies Quarterly,2016(2): 48-54.
11	EZEH A, OYEBODE O, SATTERTHWAITE D, et al. The history, geography, and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums. The Lancet, 2017, 389(10068): 547-558.
12	GUTTIKUNDA S, GOEL R, PANT P. Nature of air pollution, emission sources, and management in the Indian cities. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 95: 501-510.
13	张敏,杨励雅,胡卓玮,等.长江经济带城市扩张的时空分异特征及影响机制.地理学报,2024,79(2):439-461.
	ZHANG M, YANG L, HU Z, et al. Spatiotemporal differentiation and influencing mechanism of urban expansion in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China. Acta Geographica Sinica,2024,79(2):439-461.
14	关兴良,方创琳,周敏,等. 武汉城市群城镇用地空间扩展时空特征分析.自然资源学报,2012,27(9): 1447-1459.
	GUAN X, FANG C, ZHOU M,et al. Spatial and temporal characteristics of spatial expansion of urban land in Wuhan urban agglomeration. Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(9): 1447-1459.
15	张红, 邓雯, 王艺. 2000—2020 年印度土地利用的时空演化及驱动因素分析. 世界地理研究, 2022, 31(4):786-799.
	ZHANG H, DENG W, WANG Y.Analyses on the spatio-temporal evolution and driving factors of land use in India during 2000—2020.World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(4):786-799.
16	刘小平, 黎夏, 陈逸敏, 等. 景观扩张指数及其在城市扩展分析中的应用. 地理学报, 2009, 64(12): 1430-1438.
	LIU X, LI X, CHEN Y, et al.Landscape expansion index and its applications to quantitative analysis of urban expansion,Acta Geographica Sinica,2009, 64(12): 1430-1438.
17	LIU X, LI X, CHEN Y, et al. A new landscape index for quantifying urban expansion using multi-temporal remotely sensed data. Landscape Ecology, 2010, 25: 671-682.
18	REBA M, SETO K. A systematic review and assessment of algorithms to detect, characterize, and monitor urban land change. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2020, 242: 111739.
19	PANDEY B, JOSHI P, SETO K. Monitoring urbanization dynamics in India using DMSP/OLS night time lights and SPOT-VGT data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 2013, 23: 49-61.
20	GIBSON J, BOE-GIBSON G, STICHBURY G. Urban land expansion in India 1992‒2012. Food Policy, 2015, 56: 100-113.
21	熊瑶, 潘润秋, 许刚, 等. 1990—2014年印度城市扩张时空特征对比分析. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(2): 271-282.
	XIONG Y, PAN R, XU G,et al. A comparison of spatial and temporal characteristics of urban expansion in India during 1990‒2014. Progress in Geography,2019,38(2):271-282
22	李安琪,曹鑫,崔喜红,等.基于GlobeLand 30的南亚各国人造地表变化时空特征分析.世界地理研究,2023,32(2):23-35.
	LI A, CAO X, CUI X, et al. Spatio-temporal characteristics analysis of artificial surface evolution in South Asia based on GlobeLand 30. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(2):23-25.
23	HARARI M. Cities in bad shape: Urban geometry in India. American Economic Review, 2020, 110(8): 2377-2421.
24	GONG P, LI X, WANG J, et al. Annual maps of global artificial impervious area (GAIA) between 1985 and 2018. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2020, 236: 111510.
25	LI X, GONG P, ZHOU Y, et al. Mapping global urban boundaries from the global artificial impervious area (GAIA) data. Environmental Research Letters, 2020, 15(9): 094044.
26	DIJKSTRA L, FLORCZYK A, FREIRE S, et al. Applying the Degree of Urbanisation to the globe: A new harmonised definition reveals a different picture of global urbanisation. Journal of Urban Economics, 2021, 125: 103312.
27	CHEN J, GAO M, CHENG S, et al. Global 1 km\times 1 km gridded revised real gross domestic product and electricity consumption during 1992‒2019 based on calibrated nighttime light data. Scientific Data, 2022, 9(1): 202.
28	马歆, 和舒敏, 黄婷婷, 等. 城市用地扩张的时空格局特征及驱动因素分析——以中原城市群为例. 生态经济, 2020, 36(3): 105-111.
	MA X, HE S, HUANG T,et al. Analysis of spatial-temporal pattern characteristics and diving factors of urban land expansion:Taking Central Plains City Cluster as an example. Ecological Economy,2020,36(3):105-111.
29	SONG Y, WANG J, GE Y, et al. An optimal parameters-based geographical detector model enhances geographic characteristics of explanatory variables for spatial heterogeneity analysis: Cases with different types of spatial data. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 2020, 57(5): 593-610.
30	任佳, 邱信丰. 印度工业政策的演变及其对制造业发展的影响. 南亚研究, 2014, 2:106-121.
	REN J, QIU X. The evolution of Indian industrial policy since 1948 and its impacts on the development of the manufacturing sector.South Asian Studies,2014,2:106-121.
31	刘培林. 印度城市化的特点及经验教训.城乡建设, 2010(10): 76-78.
	LIU P.Characteristics and experience of urbanization in India. Urban and Rural Development,2010(10):76-78
32	陈小萍.印度古吉拉特邦经济增长之谜.南亚研究季刊,2013(3):33-38.
	Chen X. The puzzle of rapid economic growth in Gujarat.South Asian Studies Quarterly,2013(3):33-38.
33	欧阳晓, 朱翔, 贺清云. 城市群城市用地扩张时空特征及驱动机制研究——以长株潭城市群为例. 长江流域资源与环境, 2020, 29(6): 1298-1309.
	YANG X OU, ZHU Y, HE Q. Study of spatio-temporal pattern and driving mechanism of urban land expansion in urban agglomeration:A case study of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2020,29(6):1298-309.
34	李宇, 孟丹, 叶海鹏, 等. 俄罗斯典型城市扩张时空格局与驱动机制——基于遥感决策融合与多元离散回归模型. 地理研究, 2021,40(11):2967-2985.
	LI Y, MENG D, YE H,et al. Spatiotemporal pattern and driving forces of typical Russian cities:Based on remote sensing decision fusion and multiple discrete regression model. Geographical Research,2021,40(11):2967-2985.
35	HOU Y, HUANG Q, REN Q, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of urban sprawl in China from 2000 to 2020. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 2024, 61(1).
36	EHRLICH M V, HILBER C A L, SCHÖNI O. Institutional settings and urban sprawl: Evidence from Europe. Journal of Housing Economics, 2018, 42: 4-18.
37	薄立明,尹力,赵浪,等.美国本土的国土空间格局演化特征、影响因素及启示.世界地理研究,2024,33(10):1-17.
	BO L, YIN L, ZHAO L,et al.The evolution characteristics, influencing factors and enlightenments of the United States' territorial spatial pattern.World Regional Studies,2024,33(10):1-17.
38	KUNDU D. Urbanisation in India: Towards a national urban policy framework and smart cities. Developing National Urban Policies: Ways Forward to Green and Smart Cities, 2020: 89-119.
39	WEI G, HE B, SUN P, et al. Evolutionary trends of urban expansion and its sustainable development: Evidence from 80 representative cities in the Belt and Road initiative region. Cities, 2023, 138: 104353.
40	GAO B, HUANG Q, HE C, et al. How does sprawl differ across cities in China? A multi-scale investigation using nighttime light and census data. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2016, 148: 89-98.
41	ZHANG X, HAN H. Characteristics and factors influencing the expansion of urban construction land in China. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14(1): 16040.

[1]	丁嘉铖, 郝丽莎. 中国新茶饮品牌连锁门店的空间分布特征及影响因素分析[J]. 世界地理研究, 2025, 34(1): 168-180.
[2]	李颉, 许泽嘉, 林煦丹. 2000—2019年全球病毒性肝炎死亡率的时空分异与影响因素[J]. 世界地理研究, 2025, 34(1): 43-55.
[3]	张家旗, 余成, 申秋实. 坦桑尼亚土地利用变化生态环境效应的空间分异特征研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(7): 59-72.
[4]	王婷, 李禕, 周浩楠. 长三角地区跨界共建园：时空特征、城市偏好与影响机制[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(6): 102-115.
[5]	刘海朦, 田小波, 曹婷婷. 基于百度指数的乡村旅游需求时空特征及其影响因素研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(5): 177-188.
[6]	鄢继尧, 赵媛, 熊筱燕, 许昕. 中国家政服务业发展的时空演变特征及影响因素[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(3): 161-174.
[7]	耿满国, 张伟, 唐相龙, 王雪怡. 中国乡村旅游地的空间分布特征及影响因素[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(2): 151-163.
[8]	林海文, 刘宏松, 娄劲男. 印度移民回流政策的发展及其驱动因素[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(2): 64-78.
[9]	殷紫燕, 黄安民. 虚拟旅游网络关注度的时空特征及其影响因素[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(12): 148-162.
[10]	吴淼淼, 师满江, 曹琦, 宁志中. 多源大数据下中国特大城市人口夜间热力特征与影响因素研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(12): 94-106.
[11]	刘采玮, 张红, 唐诗钰. 印度道路网的分形自组织与协同特征[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(1): 43-56.
[12]	蔡中祥, 黄哲琨, 公茂玉, 郭勇, 胡盛铭, 王岩. 印度国内政治冲突的空间分异及驱动因子[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(1): 57-69.
[13]	廖建军, 李欣, 王志远, 张考, 吕靖童. 长株潭都市圈建设用地增长格局及驱动因素研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(9): 133-145.
[14]	牛雪利, 陈瑛, 巴士奇. 中国与加勒比国家贸易格局演变及影响因素分析[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(9): 28-39.
[15]	苏盼盼. 亚洲国家公园的建设实践及其启示[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(7): 160-168.