坦桑尼亚土地利用变化生态环境效应的空间分异特征研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2024.07.20222268

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

坦桑尼亚是“一带一路”倡议辐射非洲内陆的重要门户，面临着生态环境恶化及气候变化威胁加剧等问题。基于全球30米空间分辨率地表覆盖数据集及多源社会经济与自然环境数据，综合运用生态环境质量指数、重心迁移分析、热点分析、地理探测器等研究方法，分析了坦桑尼亚2000—2020年土地利用变化及其生态环境效应的空间分异特征。结果表明：①坦桑尼亚土地利用变化速度有所减缓，耕地和人造地表面积持续增加，林地和水体面积不断减少，耕地、林地、草地、灌木地四种地类的相互转化是土地利用变化的主要形式。②生态环境质量指数不断下降，以中央铁路线为界，呈现“南高北低”的分布特征，空间格局相对稳定，重心始终位于首都多多马省域范围内。③生态环境质量变化空间集聚特征显著，2000—2010年间冷点和热点区域分布范围和集聚面积较大，2010—2020年有所减小。耕地、林地和草地之间的相互转化是影响生态环境质量最主要的用地转换类型。④不同影响因素对不同区域生态环境质量的影响程度和显著性均有所差异。社会经济因素大于自然环境因素的影响，而自然环境因素之间的协同增强作用则大于社会经济因素，人口分布明显加强了各自然环境因素对生态环境质量的影响程度。

关键词: 土地利用, 生态环境效应, 空间分异, 地理探测器, 坦桑尼亚, “一带一路”倡议

Abstract:

Tanzania is an important gateway for "the Belt and Road" initiative to reach the interior of Africa. It is faced with the ecological environment deterioration and the increasing threat of climate change. Based on the global 30-meter spatial resolution land cover data and multi-source socio-economic and natural environment data, this study comprehensively uses research methods such as eco-environmental quality index, gravity center migration analysis, hot spot analysis, and geodetector to analyze the spatial differentiation characteristics of land use change and its ecological environment effects in Tanzania from 2000 to 2020. The results show that: ① The rate of land use change in Tanzania has slowed down, the area of cultivated land and artificial surface continued to increase, while the area of forest land and water body continued to decrease. The mutual transformation of cultivated land, forest land, grassland and shrubland was the main form of land use change. ②The eco-environmental quality index has been declining, with the central railway line as the boundary, showing the distribution characteristics of "high in the south and low in the north". The spatial pattern was relatively stable, and the gravity center was always within the scope of the capital city Dodoma. ③The spatial agglomeration characteristics of changes in eco-environmental quality were significant. The distribution range and agglomeration area of cold spots and hot spots were large from 2000 to 2010, and decreased from 2010 to 2020. The mutual transformation among cultivated land, forest land and grassland was the main type of land use transformation that affects the quality of ecological environment. ④The contribution rate and significance of different influencing factors on eco-environmental quality in different regions were different. The influence of social and economic factors was greater than that of natural factors, while the synergy between natural factors was greater than that of social and economic factors. The population distribution has significantly strengthened the impact of various natural factors on the quality of the ecological environment.

Key words: land use, ecological environment effect, spatial differentiation, geodetector, Tanzania, The Belt and Road Initiative

张家旗, 余成, 申秋实. 坦桑尼亚土地利用变化生态环境效应的空间分异特征研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2024, 33(7): 59-72.

Jiaqi ZHANG, Cheng YU, Qiushi SHEN. Study on spatial differentiation characteristics of eco-environmental effects of land use change in Tanzania[J]. World Regional Studies, 2024, 33(7): 59-72.

图/表 6

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七大区域	包含省份
东部区域	达累斯萨拉姆省(Dar es salaam)、莫罗戈罗省(Morogoro)、滨海省(Pwani)、奔巴北部省(Kaskazini Pemba)、桑给巴尔北部省(Kaskazini Unguja)、奔巴南部省(Kusini Pemba)、桑给巴尔南部省(Kusini Unguja)、桑给巴尔西部省(Mjini Magharibi)
北部区域	阿鲁沙省(Arusha)、乞力马扎罗省(Kilimanjaro)、马尼亚拉省(Manyara)、坦噶省(Tanga)
沿湖区域	姆万扎省(Mwanza)、盖塔省(Geita)、卡盖拉省(Kagera)、马拉省(Mara)、锡米尤省(Simiyu)
西部区域	基戈马省(Kigoma)、希尼安加省(Shinyanga)、塔波拉省(Tabora)
中部区域	多多马省(Dodoma)、辛吉达省(Singida)
南部高地区域	伊林加省(Iringa)、卡塔维省(Katavi)、姆贝亚省(Mbeya)、恩琼贝省(Njombe)、鲁夸省(Rukwa)、松圭省(Songwe)
南部区域	林迪省(Lindi)、姆特瓦拉省(Mtwara)、鲁伍马省(Ruvuma)

七大区域	包含省份
东部区域	达累斯萨拉姆省(Dar es salaam)、莫罗戈罗省(Morogoro)、滨海省(Pwani)、奔巴北部省(Kaskazini Pemba)、桑给巴尔北部省(Kaskazini Unguja)、奔巴南部省(Kusini Pemba)、桑给巴尔南部省(Kusini Unguja)、桑给巴尔西部省(Mjini Magharibi)
北部区域	阿鲁沙省(Arusha)、乞力马扎罗省(Kilimanjaro)、马尼亚拉省(Manyara)、坦噶省(Tanga)
沿湖区域	姆万扎省(Mwanza)、盖塔省(Geita)、卡盖拉省(Kagera)、马拉省(Mara)、锡米尤省(Simiyu)
西部区域	基戈马省(Kigoma)、希尼安加省(Shinyanga)、塔波拉省(Tabora)
中部区域	多多马省(Dodoma)、辛吉达省(Singida)
南部高地区域	伊林加省(Iringa)、卡塔维省(Katavi)、姆贝亚省(Mbeya)、恩琼贝省(Njombe)、鲁夸省(Rukwa)、松圭省(Songwe)
南部区域	林迪省(Lindi)、姆特瓦拉省(Mtwara)、鲁伍马省(Ruvuma)

地类	2000年	2010年	2020年
耕地	150 572.542	183 665.164	204 865.979
林地	382 390.610	315 356.207	306 658.766
草地	321 069.389	354 832.700	341 043.890
灌木地	20 631.342	21 969.765	21 050.290
湿地	5 949.290	5 708.348	7 303.573
水体	4 867.376	4 031.330	3 798.088
人造地表	2 280.970	2 369.825	3 106.555
裸地	1 025.401	816.764	940.515

地类	2000年	2010年	2020年
耕地	150 572.542	183 665.164	204 865.979
林地	382 390.610	315 356.207	306 658.766
草地	321 069.389	354 832.700	341 043.890
灌木地	20 631.342	21 969.765	21 050.290
湿地	5 949.290	5 708.348	7 303.573
水体	4 867.376	4 031.330	3 798.088
人造地表	2 280.970	2 369.825	3 106.555
裸地	1 025.401	816.764	940.515

生态环境效应	2000—2010年			2011—2020年
生态环境效应	土地利用变化类型	生态贡献率	贡献比重/%	土地利用变化类型	生态贡献率	贡献比重/%
正效应	草地-林地	0.016 35	49.68	草地->林地	0.007 00	55.12
	耕地-草地	0.007 46	22.66	耕地->草地	0.002 49	19.58
	耕地-林地	0.005 04	15.32	耕地->林地	0.002 03	15.99
	灌木地-林地	0.001 79	5.45	灌木地->林地	0.000 43	3.36
	耕地-灌木地	0.000 59	1.78	灌木地->草地	0.000 16	1.28
	灌木地-草地	0.000 48	1.45	耕地->灌木地	0.000 14	1.11
	总计	0.031 70	96.36	总计	0.012 38	96.43
负效应	林地->草地	－0.029 81	43.78	草地->耕地	－0.008 77	33.15
	林地->耕地	－0.018 69	27.45	林地->耕地	－0.008 37	31.65
	草地->耕地	－0.014 16	20.79	林地->草地	－0.007 04	26.62
	林地->灌木地	－0.002 38	3.50	灌木地->耕地	－0.000 44	1.64
	灌木地->耕地	－0.001 33	1.96	林地->灌木地	－0.000 43	1.64
	总计	－0.066 38	97.49	总计	－0.025 06	94.71