World Regional Studies ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (1): 179-191.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2021.01.2019690
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Chudan GU1(), Fenglong WANG2,3,4(), Feng LUO4,5
Received:
2019-12-22
Revised:
2020-01-30
Online:
2021-01-09
Published:
2021-04-09
Contact:
Fenglong WANG
通讯作者:
王丰龙
作者简介:
顾楚丹(1991-),女,博士研究生,从事公共政策与城乡关系等研究,E-mail:vozeen77@163.com。
基金资助:
Chudan GU, Fenglong WANG, Feng LUO. Difference in and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents[J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(1): 179-191.
顾楚丹, 王丰龙, 罗峰. 中国城乡居民幸福感的差异及影响因素研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2021, 30(1): 179-191.
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URL: https://sjdlyj.ecnu.edu.cn/EN/10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2021.01.2019690
变量 | 分类 | 农村居民 mean/N sd/% | 城市居民 mean/N sd/% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 男性 | 6417 | 48.48% | 3768 | 47.02% |
女性 | 6819 | 51.52% | 4246 | 52.98% | |
年龄 | (岁) | 45.33 | 14.75 | 42.40 | 13.75 |
婚姻状况 | 未婚/离异 | 2244 | 16.95% | 1734 | 21.64% |
在婚 | 10992 | 83.05% | 6280 | 78.36% | |
受教育程度 | 初中及以下 | 11014 | 83.21% | 3582 | 44.70% |
高中 | 1650 | 12.47% | 2195 | 27.39% | |
大专及以上 | 572 | 4.32% | 2237 | 27.91% | |
所在区域 | 东部 | 6852 | 51.77% | 4103 | 51.20% |
中部 | 3372 | 25.48% | 2259 | 28.19% | |
西部 | 3012 | 22.76% | 1652 | 20.61% |
Tab.1 Sample profile
变量 | 分类 | 农村居民 mean/N sd/% | 城市居民 mean/N sd/% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 男性 | 6417 | 48.48% | 3768 | 47.02% |
女性 | 6819 | 51.52% | 4246 | 52.98% | |
年龄 | (岁) | 45.33 | 14.75 | 42.40 | 13.75 |
婚姻状况 | 未婚/离异 | 2244 | 16.95% | 1734 | 21.64% |
在婚 | 10992 | 83.05% | 6280 | 78.36% | |
受教育程度 | 初中及以下 | 11014 | 83.21% | 3582 | 44.70% |
高中 | 1650 | 12.47% | 2195 | 27.39% | |
大专及以上 | 572 | 4.32% | 2237 | 27.91% | |
所在区域 | 东部 | 6852 | 51.77% | 4103 | 51.20% |
中部 | 3372 | 25.48% | 2259 | 28.19% | |
西部 | 3012 | 22.76% | 1652 | 20.61% |
参数 | 城市居民 mean/N sd/% | 农村居民 mean/N sd/% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
幸福感 | 3.73 | 0.90 | 3.61 | 0.92 | |
生活水平 | 家庭收入/元(取对数) | 10.79 | 1.48 | 10.03 | 1.66 |
家中拥有汽车的比例 | 2,108 | 26.30% | 1,791 | 13.53% | |
住房产权类型:租户 | 1,653 | 20.63% | 491 | 3.71% | |
住房产权类型:拥有住房产权家庭 | 5,730 | 71.50% | 12,074 | 91.22% | |
住房产权类型:拥有准住房产权家庭 | 631 | 7.87% | 671 | 5.07% | |
住房平均面积/(m2/人) | 23.96 | 29.86 | 33.77 | 41.30 | |
住房估计增值(元;取对数) | 6.47 | 8.71 | 4.00 | 10.29 | |
拥有住房公积金的比例 | 1,624 | 20.26% | 211 | 1.59% | |
住房贷款占购房金额的比例 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.32 | |
家庭用于旅游休闲消费的比例 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.59 | |
感觉所处社会阶层 | 4.69 | 1.68 | 4.42 | 1.66 | |
预期未来会有社会阶层提升的比例 | 4,137 | 51.62% | 7,298 | 55.14% | |
生活环境 | 感受到的社会公平程度 | 3.18 | 0.90 | 3.30 | 0.88 |
可达性(合成指标) | 3.60 | 0.72 | 2.72 | 1.16 | |
污染程度(合成指标) | 1.05 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.65 | |
社区融合程度(因子得分) | -0.47 | 0.99 | 0.27 | 0.91 | |
社区安全程度 | 2.95 | 0.66 | 3.31 | 0.63 | |
社区设施的丰富程度 | 5.70 | 1.90 | 4.18 | 1.95 | |
生活节奏 | 每周工作时间/小时 | 28.02 | 26.74 | 31.25 | 27.74 |
每月工作时间/天 | 14.68 | 12.43 | 17.20 | 12.48 | |
每天通勤时间/分钟 | 20.57 | 33.50 | 17.54 | 29.62 | |
每天睡眠时间/小时 | 7.48 | 1.20 | 7.73 | 1.41 | |
每周工作日在外吃晚餐情况/次 | 2.68 | 1.65 | 2.39 | 1.83 | |
每周家人聚餐次数/次 | 1.51 | 1.62 | 1.44 | 1.71 | |
与配偶住在家里的比例 | 5,524 | 68.93% | 9,381 | 70.87% |
Tab.2 Difference in living standard and life satisfaction between urban and rural residents
参数 | 城市居民 mean/N sd/% | 农村居民 mean/N sd/% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
幸福感 | 3.73 | 0.90 | 3.61 | 0.92 | |
生活水平 | 家庭收入/元(取对数) | 10.79 | 1.48 | 10.03 | 1.66 |
家中拥有汽车的比例 | 2,108 | 26.30% | 1,791 | 13.53% | |
住房产权类型:租户 | 1,653 | 20.63% | 491 | 3.71% | |
住房产权类型:拥有住房产权家庭 | 5,730 | 71.50% | 12,074 | 91.22% | |
住房产权类型:拥有准住房产权家庭 | 631 | 7.87% | 671 | 5.07% | |
住房平均面积/(m2/人) | 23.96 | 29.86 | 33.77 | 41.30 | |
住房估计增值(元;取对数) | 6.47 | 8.71 | 4.00 | 10.29 | |
拥有住房公积金的比例 | 1,624 | 20.26% | 211 | 1.59% | |
住房贷款占购房金额的比例 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.32 | |
家庭用于旅游休闲消费的比例 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.59 | |
感觉所处社会阶层 | 4.69 | 1.68 | 4.42 | 1.66 | |
预期未来会有社会阶层提升的比例 | 4,137 | 51.62% | 7,298 | 55.14% | |
生活环境 | 感受到的社会公平程度 | 3.18 | 0.90 | 3.30 | 0.88 |
可达性(合成指标) | 3.60 | 0.72 | 2.72 | 1.16 | |
污染程度(合成指标) | 1.05 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.65 | |
社区融合程度(因子得分) | -0.47 | 0.99 | 0.27 | 0.91 | |
社区安全程度 | 2.95 | 0.66 | 3.31 | 0.63 | |
社区设施的丰富程度 | 5.70 | 1.90 | 4.18 | 1.95 | |
生活节奏 | 每周工作时间/小时 | 28.02 | 26.74 | 31.25 | 27.74 |
每月工作时间/天 | 14.68 | 12.43 | 17.20 | 12.48 | |
每天通勤时间/分钟 | 20.57 | 33.50 | 17.54 | 29.62 | |
每天睡眠时间/小时 | 7.48 | 1.20 | 7.73 | 1.41 | |
每周工作日在外吃晚餐情况/次 | 2.68 | 1.65 | 2.39 | 1.83 | |
每周家人聚餐次数/次 | 1.51 | 1.62 | 1.44 | 1.71 | |
与配偶住在家里的比例 | 5,524 | 68.93% | 9,381 | 70.87% |
参数 | 自变量 | 城市 系数 P值 | 农村 系数 P值 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
生活水平 | 家庭收入/元(取对数) | 0.028*** | 0.00 | 0.033*** | 0.00 |
家中是否拥有汽车(是=1) | 0.069*** | 0.00 | 0.086*** | 0.00 | |
住房产权(租房=0) | |||||
完整产权所有者 | 0.122*** | 0.00 | 0.094** | 0.02 | |
准产权所有者(单位共有产权或免费提供) | 0.072* | 0.07 | 0.111** | 0.02 | |
住房平均面积/(m2/人) | 0.000 | 0.17 | 0.000 | 0.64 | |
住房估计增值/元(取对数) | 0.001 | 0.21 | 0.001** | 0.05 | |
拥有住房公积金的比例 | 0.048* | 0.07 | 0.079 | 0.17 | |
住房贷款占购房金额的比例 | -0.038 | 0.30 | -0.018 | 0.45 | |
家中是否雇佣保姆(是=1) | 0.074 | 0.18 | 0.271** | 0.01 | |
家庭用于旅游休闲消费的比例 | 0.234*** | 0.01 | 0.016 | 0.17 | |
感觉所处社会阶层 | 0.103*** | 0.00 | 0.096*** | 0.00 | |
是否预期未来社会阶层会提升(是=1) | 0.062*** | 0.00 | 0.017 | 0.26 | |
生活环境 | 可达性(合成指标) | 0.032** | 0.02 | 0.012* | 0.08 |
污染程度(合成指标) | -0.040** | 0.02 | -0.021* | 0.08 | |
社区融合程度(因子得分) | 0.072*** | 0.00 | 0.089*** | 0.00 | |
社区安全程度 | 0.101*** | 0.00 | 0.121*** | 0.00 | |
社区设施的丰富程度 | 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.010* | 0.08 | |
社区类型(内城老旧社区=0) | |||||
单位社区 | -0.007 | 0.83 | |||
商品房社区 | -0.001 | 0.98 | |||
其他社区 | -0.059* | 0.06 | |||
感受到的社会公平程度 | 0.220*** | 0.00 | 0.274*** | 0.00 | |
城区绿化覆盖率 | 0.001 | 0.59 | |||
城市工业SO2排放量/吨 | -0.000 | 0.42 | |||
所在城市人口密度/(人/km2) | -0.000 | 0.77 | -0.000 | 0.40 | |
城市病床数/张 | 0.002** | 0.03 | -0.000 | 0.27 | |
所在地级市城市化率 | 0.164* | 0.06 | 0.051 | 0.56 | |
所在县区2014年gdp/亿元(取对数) | -0.043 | 0.11 | 0.053*** | 0.01 | |
所在地区是否有非农产业(是=1) | 0.032 | 0.58 | |||
所在区域(东部=0) | |||||
中部 | -0.093* | 0.05 | 0.019 | 0.65 | |
西部 | -0.052 | 0.32 | 0.118** | 0.03 | |
生活节奏 | 与配偶住在家里(是=0) | 0.100*** | 0.00 | 0.088*** | 0.00 |
工作时间/(小时/周) | -0.000 | 0.48 | -0.000 | 0.78 | |
工作时间/(天/月) | -0.005*** | 0.00 | -0.001 | 0.40 | |
每天通勤时间/分钟 | -0.000 | 0.60 | 0.000 | 0.79 | |
每天睡眠时间/小时 | 0.024*** | 0.00 | 0.014*** | 0.01 | |
每周工作日在外吃晚餐情况/次 | -0.005 | 0.34 | 0.002 | 0.57 | |
每周家人聚餐次数/次 | 0.006 | 0.30 | 0.008* | 0.05 | |
个体及家庭变量 | 女性(是=1) | 0.075*** | 0.00 | 0.061*** | 0.00 |
是否已婚(是=1) | 0.098*** | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.59 | |
受教育程度(初中及以下=0) | |||||
高中 | -0.007 | 0.74 | 0.062*** | 0.01 | |
大学及以上 | 0.023 | 0.41 | 0.090** | 0.02 | |
年龄 | -0.034*** | 0.00 | -0.024*** | 0.00 | |
年龄平方 | 0.000*** | 0.00 | 0.000*** | 0.00 | |
是否为党员(是=1) | 0.045 | 0.11 | 0.056 | 0.11 | |
目前有无工作(有=1) | 0.135*** | 0.00 | -0.018 | 0.46 | |
健康程度 | 0.132*** | 0.00 | 0.131*** | 0.00 | |
BMI/(kg/㎡) | 0.001 | 0.80 | 0.003 | 0.13 | |
是否吸烟(是=1) | -0.042 | 0.11 | -0.036* | 0.07 | |
是否喝酒(是=1) | 0.060** | 0.02 | 0.024 | 0.24 | |
常数项 | 1.546*** | 0 | 0.781*** | 0 | |
N | 7646 | 13236 |
Tab.3 Results of multilevel regression
参数 | 自变量 | 城市 系数 P值 | 农村 系数 P值 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
生活水平 | 家庭收入/元(取对数) | 0.028*** | 0.00 | 0.033*** | 0.00 |
家中是否拥有汽车(是=1) | 0.069*** | 0.00 | 0.086*** | 0.00 | |
住房产权(租房=0) | |||||
完整产权所有者 | 0.122*** | 0.00 | 0.094** | 0.02 | |
准产权所有者(单位共有产权或免费提供) | 0.072* | 0.07 | 0.111** | 0.02 | |
住房平均面积/(m2/人) | 0.000 | 0.17 | 0.000 | 0.64 | |
住房估计增值/元(取对数) | 0.001 | 0.21 | 0.001** | 0.05 | |
拥有住房公积金的比例 | 0.048* | 0.07 | 0.079 | 0.17 | |
住房贷款占购房金额的比例 | -0.038 | 0.30 | -0.018 | 0.45 | |
家中是否雇佣保姆(是=1) | 0.074 | 0.18 | 0.271** | 0.01 | |
家庭用于旅游休闲消费的比例 | 0.234*** | 0.01 | 0.016 | 0.17 | |
感觉所处社会阶层 | 0.103*** | 0.00 | 0.096*** | 0.00 | |
是否预期未来社会阶层会提升(是=1) | 0.062*** | 0.00 | 0.017 | 0.26 | |
生活环境 | 可达性(合成指标) | 0.032** | 0.02 | 0.012* | 0.08 |
污染程度(合成指标) | -0.040** | 0.02 | -0.021* | 0.08 | |
社区融合程度(因子得分) | 0.072*** | 0.00 | 0.089*** | 0.00 | |
社区安全程度 | 0.101*** | 0.00 | 0.121*** | 0.00 | |
社区设施的丰富程度 | 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.010* | 0.08 | |
社区类型(内城老旧社区=0) | |||||
单位社区 | -0.007 | 0.83 | |||
商品房社区 | -0.001 | 0.98 | |||
其他社区 | -0.059* | 0.06 | |||
感受到的社会公平程度 | 0.220*** | 0.00 | 0.274*** | 0.00 | |
城区绿化覆盖率 | 0.001 | 0.59 | |||
城市工业SO2排放量/吨 | -0.000 | 0.42 | |||
所在城市人口密度/(人/km2) | -0.000 | 0.77 | -0.000 | 0.40 | |
城市病床数/张 | 0.002** | 0.03 | -0.000 | 0.27 | |
所在地级市城市化率 | 0.164* | 0.06 | 0.051 | 0.56 | |
所在县区2014年gdp/亿元(取对数) | -0.043 | 0.11 | 0.053*** | 0.01 | |
所在地区是否有非农产业(是=1) | 0.032 | 0.58 | |||
所在区域(东部=0) | |||||
中部 | -0.093* | 0.05 | 0.019 | 0.65 | |
西部 | -0.052 | 0.32 | 0.118** | 0.03 | |
生活节奏 | 与配偶住在家里(是=0) | 0.100*** | 0.00 | 0.088*** | 0.00 |
工作时间/(小时/周) | -0.000 | 0.48 | -0.000 | 0.78 | |
工作时间/(天/月) | -0.005*** | 0.00 | -0.001 | 0.40 | |
每天通勤时间/分钟 | -0.000 | 0.60 | 0.000 | 0.79 | |
每天睡眠时间/小时 | 0.024*** | 0.00 | 0.014*** | 0.01 | |
每周工作日在外吃晚餐情况/次 | -0.005 | 0.34 | 0.002 | 0.57 | |
每周家人聚餐次数/次 | 0.006 | 0.30 | 0.008* | 0.05 | |
个体及家庭变量 | 女性(是=1) | 0.075*** | 0.00 | 0.061*** | 0.00 |
是否已婚(是=1) | 0.098*** | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.59 | |
受教育程度(初中及以下=0) | |||||
高中 | -0.007 | 0.74 | 0.062*** | 0.01 | |
大学及以上 | 0.023 | 0.41 | 0.090** | 0.02 | |
年龄 | -0.034*** | 0.00 | -0.024*** | 0.00 | |
年龄平方 | 0.000*** | 0.00 | 0.000*** | 0.00 | |
是否为党员(是=1) | 0.045 | 0.11 | 0.056 | 0.11 | |
目前有无工作(有=1) | 0.135*** | 0.00 | -0.018 | 0.46 | |
健康程度 | 0.132*** | 0.00 | 0.131*** | 0.00 | |
BMI/(kg/㎡) | 0.001 | 0.80 | 0.003 | 0.13 | |
是否吸烟(是=1) | -0.042 | 0.11 | -0.036* | 0.07 | |
是否喝酒(是=1) | 0.060** | 0.02 | 0.024 | 0.24 | |
常数项 | 1.546*** | 0 | 0.781*** | 0 | |
N | 7646 | 13236 |
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