Spatio-temporal characteristics of urbanization in Vietnam from a multi-scale perspective:

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9479.2023.07.2021636

Abstract

Abstract:

The remote sensing data of night light provides an effective method for the study of spatiotemporal changes of regional urbanization. Vietnam is an important country along the "Belt and Road". Understanding its urbanization process and its development is of great significance to breaking the bottleneck of regional economic development and promoting the sustainable development of the "Belt and Road" countries. Using DMSP / OLS and NPP / VIIRS data, we constructed the urbanization index(UI), to investigate the spatiotemporal change characteristics of urbanization in Vietnam from 1998 to 2018; The spatial characteristics and development patterns of urbanization were analyzed from different scales using Global and Local Spatial Autocorrelation analysis method; The variation coefficient method was used to study the internal urbanization development structure of Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Haiphong, Da Nang and Can Tho. The results show that: (1) From 1998 to 2018, Vietnam's UI increased from 15.1×10⁴ to 124.4×10⁴. The spatial range of urbanization has expanded significantly, showing the spatial characteristics of evolution from "scattered" to "striped"; (2) In the past 20 years, the spatial expansion of Vietnam's urbanization has changed from relatively "scatter" to "agglomeration", and the economic ties between districts have been strengthened. Moreover, the spatial differences between areas are significant, such as the Red River Delta and Southeastern Regions. They are the clusters of "medium-high urbanization type" and "high-urbanization type"; (3) The level of urbanization of Vietnam's typical cities is unbalanced, and the degree of internal urbanization varies significantly, among which Ho Chi Minh City is the first megacity having the highest level of urbanization and the most balanced internal structure; Hanoi's urbanization has been developing rapidly, and the difference between districts is gradually narrowing; Urbanization in Haiphong and Da Nang have been relatively slow, while Can Tho's urbanization is the slowest and the internal development is extremely unbalanced.

Key words: night light remote sensing data, urbanization, Urbanization Index, evolution characteristics, Vietnam

摘要：

夜间灯光遥感数据为区域城市化的时空变化研究提供了一种有效的方法。越南作为“一带一路”的沿线国家，了解其城市化过程及其发展规律对打破地区经济发展瓶颈、促进“一带一路”沿线国家的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文首先采用 DMSP/OLS 和 NPP/VIIRS 数据构建城市化指数揭示越南1998—2018年城市化发展的时空变化规律，并运用全局和局部空间自相关方法，分析越南全国和六大区域不同尺度城市化的空间格局特征和发展模式，最后采用变异系数法对河内、胡志明市、海防、岘港、芹苴5个直辖市内部城市化发展结构进行研究。结果表明：（1）1998—2018年越南城市化指数由15.1万上升到124.4万，呈现指数型增长趋势，城市化空间范围显著扩展，呈现由“散点状”向“条带状”演化的空间特征；（2）20年间越南城市化空间扩展趋势由相对“分散”到持续“集聚”，各市、区之间的经济联系不断加强；此外，城市化区域空间差异显著，六大区域中红河三角洲地区和东南部地区分别为越南的“中高城市化类型”和“高城市化类型”的聚集区；（3）越南典型城市之间城市化发展水平不均衡，内部城市化发展程度差异性显著，其中胡志明市作为第一特大城市，城市化水平最高，且内部结构最为均衡；河内市作为首都，城市化发展较快，内部发展水平差异逐渐缩小；海防市和岘港市城市化发展相对较为缓慢，但内部发展水平差异呈现减小趋势；芹苴市城市化发展最慢且内部城市化发展极不平衡。

关键词: 夜间灯光遥感数据, 城市化, 城市化指数, 演化特征, 越南

Qiuru WANG, Qingchun QUAN, Genyun SUN. Spatio-temporal characteristics of urbanization in Vietnam from a multi-scale perspective:[J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(7): 61-74.

王秋如, 管青春, 孙根云. 多尺度视角下越南城市化时空演变特征研究[J]. 世界地理研究, 2023, 32(7): 61-74.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1 Geographical location of Vietnam

Fig.2 Flowchart of the urbanization spatiotemporal characteristic analysis of the Vietnam

Tab.1 Intercalibration model coefficients for each image

数据	a	b	c	R²
F121999	0	1	0	1
F121998	－0.000 8	1.039 0	－0.011 7	0.975 0
F141998	－0.009 7	1.607 7	0.019 1	0.982 3
F142002	0.056 3	1.253 5	－0.004 5	0.958 9
F152002	0.011 8	1.357 3	－0.006 5	0.923 4
F152007	－0.006 3	1.407 1	0.081 5	0.947 1
F162007	0.000 8	0.946 8	0.020 1	0.970 6
F182012	0.051 6	0.753 5	0.003 2	0.964 2

Fig.3 Time trend of Urbanization Index （UI） in Vietnam

Fig.4 Spatial change of Vietnam's night light from 1998 to 2018

Tab.2 Global Moran’s I of urbanization in Vietnam from 1998 to 2018

年份	MI值	Z值
1998年	0.06	3.00
2002年	0.12	7.40
2007年	0.13	9.41
2012年	0.24	15.08
2018年	0.23	27.74

Fig.5 Spatial agglomeration pattern of urbanization in Vietnam from 1998 to 2018

Fig.6 Pattern of urbanization spatial agglomeration in six districts of Vietnam

Fig. 7 The Urbanization Index， variation coefficient of five typical cities in Vietnam

References 44

1	李茜铭,郑伯红,熊羽军.基于夜间灯光遥感数据的环洞庭湖生态经济区城市群时空扩展.经济地理,2021,41(2): 92-102.
	LI Q, ZHENG B, XIONG Y. Spatio-temporal expansion of the dongting lake eco-economic zone urban agglomeration based on nighttime light remote sensing data. Economic Geography, 2021,41(2):92-102.
2	海凯,王思远,马元旭,等."一带一路"沿线地区城市扩张和形态变化分析.地理学报,2020,75(10): 2092-2108.
	HAI K, WANG S, MA Y,et al. Urban expansion and form changes along the belt and road initiative. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020,75(10): 2092-2108.
3	李同昇,黄晓军.新时代国别地理研究的若干思考.世界地理研究,2020,29(5):875-882.
	LI T, HUANG X.Some thoughts on world country geography research in the new era. World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(5): 875-882.
4	熊琛然,王礼茂,屈秋实,等.中国与周边国家地缘经济关系的双向互动分析.世界地理研究,2019,28(5):11-23.
	XIONG C, WANG L, QU Q, et al.Study on the mutual interaction of geo-economic relations between China and its neighboring countries. World Regional Studies, 2019, 28(5): 11-23.
5	韦红.越南革新开放以来城市化进程中的问题及其解决措施评析.东南亚研究,2013(4):17-24.
	WEI H. Analysis on the problems and solutions in the process of urbanization in Vietnam. Southeast Asian Studies, 2013(4): 17-24.
6	越南统计局.1990—2018年越南人口统计年鉴. (2019-01-22)[2021-10-23]. .
	Vietnam General Statistics Office. Vietnam demographic yearbook of 1990-2018. (2019-01-22)[2021-10-23]. .
7	尹旭,李鹏,封志明,等.2000—2019年越南人口时空分异特征及其演变类型.世界地理研究,2022,31(5):941-952.
	YIN X, LI P, FENG Z, et al. Characteristics of spatio-temporal differences and evolution types of Vietnamese population from 2000 to 2019. World Regional Studies,2022,31(5):941-952.
8	王从阳.中国OFDI与"一带一路"国家GDP的关系分析.价值工程,2020,39(7): 298-300.
	WANG C. Analysis of the relationship between China's OFDI and the GDP of the "Belt and Road" countries. Value Engineering, 2020, 39(7): 298-300.
9	赵卫华.越南在南海新动向与中越关系走势.边界与海洋研究,2020,5(1):99-110..
	ZHAO W. Vietnam's new action in the South China Sea: Motivations, goals and trends. Journal of Boundary and Ocean Studies, 2020, 5(1): 99-110.
10	杜明坚,张文松,吴海兵.中国与越南的经济改革比较分析.经济与管理研究,2015,36(12):19-25.
	DU M, ZHANG W, WU H. Comparative analysis of economic reform in China and Vietnam. Research on Economics and Management,2015,36(12): 19-25.
11	裴长洪.越南营商环境与中越经贸关系发展分析.国际贸易,2019(6):4-11.
	PEI C. The business environment in Vietnam and analyze on economic and trade relations of China-Vietnam. Intertrade, 2019(6): 4-11.
12	NONG D, LEPCZYK C, MIURA T, et al. Quantifying urban growth patterns in Hanoi using landscape expansion modes and time series spatial metrics. PloS one, 2018,13(5):e0196940.
13	PHAM H M, YAMAGUCHI Y. Urban growth and change analysis using remote sensing and spatial metrics from 1975 to 2003 for Hanoi, Vietnam.International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2010,32(7):1901-1915.
14	LABBE D.Critical reflections on land appropriation and alternative urbanization trajectories in periurban Vietnam. Cities, 2016,53(4):150-155.
15	PHAM V, PHAM T, TONG T, et al.The conversion of agricultural land in the peri-urban areas of Hanoi (Vietnam): Patterns in space and time.Journal of Land Use Science, 2015,10(2):224-242.
16	MATHIAS S, XUAN T. Evaluation of land cover change and agricultural protection sites: A GIS and remote sensing approach for Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Heliyon, 2019,5(5): e01773.
17	AROURI M, BEN Y, NGUYEN C.Does urbanization reduce rural poverty? Evidence from Vietnam.Economic Modelling, 2017, 60:253-270.
18	FAN P, OUYANG Z, NGUYEN D,et al.Urbanization, economic development, environmental and social changes in transitional economies: Vietnam after doimoi.Landscape and Urban Planning, 2019,187:145-155.
19	马廷.夜光遥感大数据视角下的中国城市化时空特征.地球信息科学学报,2019,21(1):59-67.
	MA T. Spatiotemporal characteristics of urbanization in China from the perspective of remotely sensed big data of nighttime light. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2019,21(1):59-67.
20	BAUGH K, HSU F, ELVIDGE C, et al. Nighttime lights compositing using the VIIRS day-night band: preliminary results. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network, 2013, 35: 70-86.
21	李德仁,李熙.论夜光遥感数据挖掘.测绘学报,2015,44(6): 591-601.
	LI D, LI X.An overview on data mining of nighttime light remote sensing. Acta Cartographica Sinica,2015,44(6): 591-601.
22	WU K, WANG X. Aligning pixel values of DMSP and VIIRS nighttime light images to evaluate urban dynamics. Remote Sensing, 2019, 11(12):1463.
23	SMALL C, ELVIDGE C D, BALK D, et al. Spatial scaling of stable night lights. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2011, 115(2): 269-280.
24	陈晋,卓莉,史培军,等.基于DMSP/OLS数据的中国城市化过程研究——反映区域城市化水平的灯光指数的构建.遥感学报,2003(3):168-175.
	CHEN J, ZHUO L, SHI P, et al. The study on urbanization process in China based on DMSP/OLS data: Development of a light index for urbanization level estimation.Journal fo Remote Sensing, 2003, (3): 168-175.
25	孙阳,刘新,苏亚聪,等. 基于夜间灯光数据估算安徽省县级尺度城镇化水平.地球信息科学学报,2020,22(9): 1837-47.
	SUN Y, LIU X, SU Y, et al. County urbanization level estimated from nighttime light data in Anhui province. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2020,22(9):1837-1847.
26	谭玉青. FDI对越南区域经济增长的影响研究.大连:东北财经大学, 2017.
	TAN Y. The impact of FDI on Vietnam's regional economy. Dalian: Dongbei University of Finance & Economics, 2017.
27	世界银行数据库. 1990-2018年越南经济.(2019-06-27)[2021-10-28]. .
	World Bank Database. Vietnam economy of 1990-2018.(2019-06-27)[2021-10-28]. .
28	中国商务部.对外投资合作国别(地区)指南-越南(2020 年版) .(2020-12-15)[2021-10-28]..
	Ministry of Commerce People's Republic of China. Country (region) guide for foreign investment cooperation-Vietnam (2020 edition). (2020-12-15)[2021-10-28]..
29	BIRONG Z, JIA L, MINGGUO W, et al. Using DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS images to analyze the expansion of 21 urban agglomerations in mainland China. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2021(3):147.
30	陈颖彪,郑子豪,吴志峰,等.夜间灯光遥感数据应用综述和展望.地理科学进展,2019,38(2):205-223.
	CHEN Y, ZHENG Z, WU Z,et al. Review and prospect of application of nighttime light remote sensing data. Progress in Geography, 2019, 38(2): 205-223.
31	ELVIDGE C, ZISKIN D, BAUGH K, et al. A fifteen year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data. Energies, 2009,2(3): 595-622.
32	GUO W, LU D, WU Y, et al. Mapping impervious surface distribution with integration of SNNP VIIRS-DNB and MODIS NDVI data. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7(9): 12459-12477..
33	梁丽,边金虎,李爱农,等.中巴经济走廊DMSP/OLS与NPP/VIIRS夜光数据辐射一致性校正.遥感学报,2020, 24(2): 149-160.
	LIANG L, BIAN J, LI A, et al. Consistent intercalibration of nighttime light data between DMSP/OLS and NPP/VIIRS in the China-Pakistan economic corridor. Journal of Remote Sensing (Chinese),2020, 24(2):149-160.
34	LIU Z, HE C, ZHANG Q, et al. Extracting the dynamics of urban expansion in China using DMSP-OLS nighttime light data from 1992 to 2008. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2012, 106(1):62-72.
35	卢秀,李佳,段平,等.中国区域DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像的校正.测绘通报,2019(7): 127-131.
	LU X, LI J, DUAN P, et al. Correction of nighttime light images of DMSP /OLS in China. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2019(7): 127-131.
36	HAO Y, JUN Y, BING X, et al. Spatial evolution of population change in northeast China during 1992-2018. Science of the Total Environment, 2021,776:146023.
37	曹子阳,吴志峰,匡耀求,等. DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像中国区域的校正及应用.地球信息科学学报,2015,17(9): 1092-1102.
	CAO Z, WU Z, KUANG Y, et al. Correction of DMSP/OLS night-time light images and its application in China. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2015,17(9): 1092-1102.
38	魏石梅,潘竟虎,张永年,等.基于DMSP-OLS夜间灯光数据的中原城市群空间演变分析.人文地理,2019,34(6): 71-81.
	WEI S, PAN J, ZHANG Y, et al. Research on spatial evolution of zhongyuan urban agglomeration based on dmsp-ols nighttime light data. Human Geography, 2019,34(6): 71-81.
39	CASTRENCE M, NONG D, TRAN C, et al. Mapping urban transitions using multi-temporal landsat and dmsp-ols night-time lights imagery of the red river delta in vietnam. Land, 2014, 3(1):148-166.
40	任国平,刘黎明,李洪庆,等.都市郊区乡村景观多功能权衡-协同关系演变.农业工程学报,2019,35(23):273-285.
	REN G, LIU L, LI H, et al. Rurality evaluation and spatial autocorrelation type classification based on quality of life in metropolitan suburbs. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2019,35(23): 273-285.
41	管青春,郝晋珉,许月卿,等.基于生态系统服务供需关系的农业生态管理分区.资源科学,2019,41(7):1359-1373.
	GUAN Q, HAO J, XU Y, et al. Zoning of agroecological management based on the relationship between supply and demand of ecosystem services. Resources Science, 2019.41(7):1359-1373.
42	LI Y, WANG Z, ZHANG H, et al. Spatial-Temporal differentiation analysis of agricultural land use intensity and its driving factors at the county scale: A case study in hubei province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020,17(18): 1-18.
43	湛东升,虞晓芬,吴倩倩,等.中国租赁住房发展的区域差异与影响因素.地理科学,2020,40(12):1990-1999.
	ZHAN D, YU X, WU Q, et al. Exploring regional disparity and influencing factors of rental house development in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2020,40(12):1990-1999.
44	张改素,魏建飞,丁志伟.中国镇域工业化和城镇化综合水平的空间格局特征及其影响因素.地理研究,2020,39(3): 627-650.
	ZHANG G, WEI J, DING Z. Spatial pattern and its influencing factors of industrialization-urbanization comprehensive level in china at town level. Geographical Research, 2020,39(3): 627-650.

[1]	Ruibo ZHOU, Yinan CHEN, Yuanhong QIN. Evolution and influencing factors of global high-tech products trade network [J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(6): 1-13.
[2]	Mingxing QI, Shuang CHEN. Coupling and coordinating relationships between urbanization and infrastructure in the countries around Lake Victoria, Africa [J]. World Regional Studies, 2023, 32(5): 34-45.
[3]	Linjing MA, Peisu LI, Yahong WU. How does urbanization affect informal employment? [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(6): 1273-1284.
[4]	Xu YIN, Peng LI, Zhiming FENG, Zhen YOU, Chiwei XIAO. Characteristics of spatio-temporal differences and evolution types of Vietnamese population from 2000 to 2019 [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(5): 941-952.
[5]	Lei TAO, Zhouying SONG. Establishment of RCEP FTA and its trade pattern evolution among member countries [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(4): 800-813.
[6]	Shaoyan CAI. Knowledge map analysis on the study of Chinese family migration [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(3): 649-661.
[7]	Xinyu YANG, Fangqu NIU. Spatio-temporal coupling process of urbanization and resource-environmental pressure in Liaoning Province [J]. World Regional Studies, 2022, 31(2): 317-328.
[8]	Yang YANG, Xiaolan TANG, Yanyan JIA, Qiaoqiao Zhan. Spatial-temporal coupling coordination degree and driving factors of population, land and economy urbanization in the Yangtze Basin [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(5): 978-990.
[9]	Nanchen CHU, Pingyu ZHANG, Xiangli WU, He LI. Measurement and spatial differentiation of urbanization development in Russia [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(2): 257-266.
[10]	Jiemin LIU, Bin LV. The development strategies of new town in Africa [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(2): 276-285.
[11]	Kun WANG, Shenjing HE. Urban political ecology in Anglophone literature: Progress and theoretical inquires [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(2): 286-296.
[12]	Chudan GU, Fenglong WANG, Feng LUO. Difference in and determinants of subjective well-being for Chinese urban and rural residents [J]. World Regional Studies, 2021, 30(1): 179-191.
[13]	Xinjing WANG, Yu CHENG. Research on the influencing mechanism of urbanization on carbon emission efficiency [J]. World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(3): 503-511.
[14]	Qianbo WU, Congcong HUI. Urbanization characteristics and spatial pattern of population in central cities of China in the 21st century [J]. World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(3): 523-535.
[15]	Rongtian ZHANG, Chuanwu LI. An investigation in the typical counties of Anhui [J]. World Regional Studies, 2020, 29(1): 112-119.